chapter 131415 biodiversity - university of idaho · biogeography 15 prof. j. hicke current...
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 1
actual observations
derived chloropleth map
Mapping Biogeographic Distributions
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 2
Finer resolution mapping
reveals discontinuous populations or individuals that
are hidden by coarse-resolution maps
Mapping Biogeographic Distributions
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 3
Biodiversity
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 4
Species-Area Curve
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 5
Species-Area Curve
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 6 Lomolino et al., 2006
Geographic patterns of biodiversity
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 7
S at higher elevations is less than that of S at lower elevations
Geographic patterns of biodiversity
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 8
atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/carto_corner/eckert.gif/image_view
Large area in tropics allow for greater S
Causes behind patterns of biodiversity
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 9
efc.muskie.usm.maine.edu/Landscape_Ecology_for_Planners_files/slide0061_image078.jpg
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
Causes behind patterns of biodiversity
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 10
Where is biodiversity highest?
Causes behind patterns of biodiversity
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 11
Predator controls on biodiversity
Artificial exclusion experiments:
Prey species before: 15
Prey species after: 8
Smith and Smith, 2006
Causes behind patterns of biodiversity
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 12
Increases in diversity
with increasing
evapotranspiration (as
an indicator of net
primary production or
energy available for
supporting life)
Causes behind patterns of biodiversity
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 13
Lomolino et al., 2006
Historical Human-Caused Extinctions
• Why the earlier extinctions on islands?
• Why the decline in extinctions in more recent years?
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 14
Chapin et al., 2000; Pimm et al., 1995
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 15
Current Extinctions
• extinction rate is 100-1000 times greater
currently than in the geologic past (Pimm et al., 1995)
• at the current rate, 1/2 of all species will
be extinct in 100 years (Wilson, 2002)
• if all species currently “threatened”
become extinct in next 100 years, extinction rates will be 10x current rates
(Pimm et al., 1995)
• regions of endemism dominate extinctions
(Pimm et al., 1995)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Ectopistes_migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 16
Range Collapse
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 17
Pereira and Cooper, 2006; Ceballos and Ehrlich, 2002
Range Collapse
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 18 Lomolino et al., 2006
Range collapse + lower populations => increased probability of extinction
Range size effects
large ranges buffer against localized extreme events
Population size effects
smaller size: more vulnerable to
chance events
Extreme/chance events: virus, hurricane, meteor impact, etc.
Range Collapse
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 19
Lomolino et al., 2006
Why are extinctions occurring?
Plants: Causes of endangerment
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 20
Lomolino et al., 2006
Why are extinctions occurring?
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 21 Lomolino et al., 2006
Species-Area Curves and Extinctions