chapter 13708microbiology

7/27/2019 Chapter 13708microbiology

1/55

Foundations in

MicrobiologySixth Edition

Chapter 1

The Main Themes ofMicrobiology

Lecture PowerPoint to accompany

Talaro

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


2/55

Learning Objectives

A student should learn the following concepts:

2

1. The study of microbiology includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and algae.

2. Studies in microbiology have contributed significantly to the fields of chemistry,

genetics, and ecology.

3. Microorganisms play a crucial role in the biosphere.

4. Microorganisms are continually adapting to the biosphere.

5. Microorganisms can be genetically modified to help the environment as well as to

directly help humans.

6. Although the majority of microorganisms are not pathogenic, infectious diseases

caused by microorganisms are still a common cause of death.

7. There are two types of cellular microorganisms (prokaryotes and eukaryotes).8. All prokaryotes are microorganisms, but only some eucaryotes are

microorganisms.


3/55

3

9. Viruses are microorganisms that are noncellular; they are much simplerthan cells.

10. The general characteristics of microorganisms are organization, size,

lifestyle.

11. Our current understanding of microbiology is the result of hundreds of

years of work by thousands of microbiologists.

12. The advent of the microscope allowed scientists to see microorganismsand then begin to identify them as agents of disease.

13. The scientificmethod is a process in which scientists develop and test

hypotheses.

14. The germ theory of disease states microorganisms can be the cause

of diseases.

15. Taxonomy involves classifying, organizing and naming living organisms.16. Taxonomy groups organisms based on their evolutionary history.


4/55

Key Terms

4

emerging diseases

pathogens

bioremediation

genetic engineering

microbiology

microscopicmicroorganisms

microbes

bacteria

viruses

fungi

protozoaalgae

macroscopicadaptability

immunology

epidemiology

biotechnology

infectious

procaryote

eucaryote

parasites

hosts

spontaneous generationabiogenesis

biogenesis

scientific methods

hypotheses

induction

deductioninductive

deductive

theories

lawsterilization

aseptic techniques


5/55

Key Terms

5

morphologyphysiology

genetics

eubacteria

archaebacteria

Kingdom Procaryotae

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Myceteae

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Plantae

nomenclaturetaxonomy

taxa

classification

identification

domain

kingdom

phylum

division

class

order

family

genus

hierarchies

scientific method

species

scientific names

evolutionary


6/55

Microbiology

Microorganisms are ubiquitous. The study of organisms too small to be seen

without magnification Microscopic Gr. mikros, small, and scopion, to

see Microbe Gr. bios, life Microorganisms include:

bacteria viruses

fungi protozoa helminths (worms) algae

6


7/55

7

Branches of Study Within

Microbiology

Immunology

Public health microbiology and epidemiology

Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology

Biotechnology

Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA

technology


8/55


9/55


10/55


11/55

11

Microbes are Involved in

Nutrient production and energy flow

Decomposition

Biotechnology production of foods, drugs and vaccines

Genetic engineering

Bioremediation

Infectious disease


12/55

12

Infectious Diseases

Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause

diseases.

10 B new infections/year worldwide 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide


13/55

Worldwide infectious disease statistics

Depicts the 10 most common infectious causes of disease

13


14/55


15/55

The More Things Change

Antibiotics introduced 1940s; vaccination

widespread

1964 Surgeon General states Its time to

close the book on infectious diseases. Thewar against pestilence is over.

1980 thirty-five years later Surgeon General

reports Infectious diseases a rising peril;death rates in US up 58% since 1980.

Organisms changed and people changed.

15


16/55

What changed?

1. Due to advances in medicine people live longerand are sicker; heightened susceptibility togarden-variety organisms.

2. Highly mobile populations with introduction ofdiseases into nave populations.

3. emerging (newly recognized pathogens)and re-emerging infectious diseases.

a. SARS, avian and swineflu

b. Change in agricultural practices

c. Encroachment on wild habitats

d. Mass production of foodsEscher ich iacol iO157:H7

16


17/55

What Changed?

4. Microorganisms adaptability, antibiotic

resistance, and overuse of antibioticsMSRA

5. Many conditions thought to be degenerative

associated with microorganisms Cervical cancer and HPV

Gastric ulcers and gastric cancer (carcinoma and

lymphoma) with Helicobacter pylori

Hepatic carcinoma and viral hepatitis

Cardiovascular disease

17


18/55

Emerging infectious disease

An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious diseasewhose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and threatensto increase in the near future.

EIDs include diseases: caused by a newly identified microorganism or newly identified strain of

a known microorganism (e.g. SARS,AIDS)

new infections resulting from change or evolution of an existingorganism (e.g. influenza)

a known infection which spreads to a new geographic area orpopulation (e.g. West Nile virus)

newly recognized infection in an area undergoing ecologictransformation (e.g. Lyme disease)

pre-existing and recognized infections reemerging due to drugresistance or a breakdown in public health (e.g. tuberculosis)

adverse synergistic interaction among emerging diseases as well asinteraction with other infectious and non-infectious conditions that leadsto the development of novel syndemics.

18
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS


19/55

Syndemic

refers to the concentration of two or more

diseases or other health conditions in a

population in which there is some level of

biological interaction among the diseasesand health conditions that magnifies the

negative health effects of one or more of

the co-present diseases or healthconditions.

19


20/55

Mechanisms of emergence

and reemergence Microbial adaption; e.g. genetic drift and genetic shift in Influenza A

Changing human susceptibility; e.g. immunocompromise with HIV/AIDS

Climate and weather; e.g. diseases with zoonotic vectors such as West NileDisease (transmitted by mosquitoes) are moving further from the tropics asthe climate warms

Change in human demographics and trade; e.g. rapid travel enabled SARSto rapidly propagate around the globe

Economic development; e.g. use of antibiotics to increase meat yield offarmed cows leads to antibiotic resistance

Breakdown of public health; e.g. the current situation in Zimbabwe

Poverty and social inequality; e.g. tuberculosis is primarily a problem in low-income areas

Warand famine

Bioterrorism; e.g. 2001 Anthrax attacks

Dam and irrigation system construction; e.g. malaria and other mosquitoborne diseases

20
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonotic_vectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitoeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioterrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Anthrax_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Anthrax_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Anthrax_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Anthrax_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Anthrax_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Anthrax_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioterrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitoeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonotic_vectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonotic_vectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonotic_vectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift


21/55

Constant mutation is called, antigenicdrift - gradually change their amino acidcomposition

Antigenic shift one of the genes orRNA strands is substituted with a gene orstrand from another influenza virus from adifferent animal host

21


22/55

Article Sources and Contributors

Emerging infectious disease Source:http: / /en.wikipedia.org/w/ index.php?oldid=361622533 Con tr ibu tors: Amphytr i te,Anders Sandberg, A rch dude,

BSquared04, Ch iko032, Hans999, Happy B., Johnmorrow, Joshfinnie, K-BO, Kanook,

Luis Fernndez Garca, MarcoTolo, Mawijk,Neg, Nihiltres, NiteSensor23, Parkway04,

Pearle, Pgan002, PhilMacD, Rohitsingh,Sabedon, Wervo,

Zvika, 14 anonymous edits

22


23/55

Bibliographic details for "Syndemic"

Page name: Syndemic

Author: Wikipedia contributors

Publisher: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Date of last revision: 16 April 2010 16:06

UTC

Date retrieved: 1 June 2010 10:50 UTC

Permanent link:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syndemic&oldid=356400368

23
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syndemic&oldid=356400368http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syndemic&oldid=356400368http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syndemic&oldid=356400368http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syndemic&oldid=356400368


24/55

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. July

22, 2004, at 10:55 UTC. Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pl

agiarism&oldid=5139350. accessed June1, 2010.

24
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350


25/55

Page name: Emerging infectious diseases

Author: Wikipedia contributors

Publisher: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Date of last revision: 10 May 2008 14:24 UTC

Date retrieved: 1 June 2010 10:52 UTC

Permanent link:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eme

rging_infectious_diseases&oldid=211466176

25
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emerging_infectious_diseases&oldid=211466176http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emerging_infectious_diseases&oldid=211466176http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emerging_infectious_diseases&oldid=211466176http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emerging_infectious_diseases&oldid=211466176


26/55

26

Characteristics of Microbes

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes prokaryote microscopic, unicellular

organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound

organelles

eukaryote unicellular (microscopic) and

multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound

organelles

Viruses acellular, parasitic particles composed of a

nucleic acid and protein


27/55

27

Insert figure 1.5basic cell and virus structures


28/55

28

Microbial Dimensions

Prokaryotes are measured in micrometers.

Viruses in nanometers

Helminths are measured in millimeters.


29/55

29

Insert figure 1.7measurements


30/55

30

Historical Foundations of Microbiology

300 years of contributions by many

Prominent discoveries include:

microscopy scientific method

development of medical microbiology

microbiology techniques


31/55

31

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Dutch linen merchant

First to observe living

microbes Single-lens magnified

up to 300X

Insert figure 1.8


32/55

32

Insert figure 1.9 (a)

microscope


33/55

Spontaneous Generation

Abiogenesis: early belief that some forms

of life could arise from vital forces present in

nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from

manure, etc)

{Biogenesis: as opposed to abiogenesis}


34/55

34

Scientific Method

A general approach to explain a naturalphenomenon

Form a hypothes is- a tentative

explanation that can be supported orrefuted by observation and experimentation

A lengthy process of experimentation,

analysis and testing either supports orrefutes the hypothesis.


35/55

35

Results must be published and repeated

by other investigators.

Ifhypothes isis supported by a growing

body of evidence and survives rigorous

scrutiny, it moves to the next level ofconfidence - it becomes a theory.

If evidence of a theoryis so compelling

that the next level of confidence isreached - it becomes a Law o r pr inc ip le.

Fig. 10


36/55

g


37/55

37

Discovery ofSpores and Sterilization

John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn eachdemonstrated the presence of heat

resistant forms of some microbes.

Cohn determined these forms to beendospores.

Sterility requires the elimination of all

life forms including endospores andviruses.


38/55

38

Development of Aseptic Techniques

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes observedthat mothers of home births had fewer

infections than those who gave birth in

hospital Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis correlated

infections with physicians coming

directly from autopsy room to maternityward


39/55

Development of Aseptic Techniques

Joseph Lister introduced aseptic

techniques reducing microbes in medical

settings to prevent infections

involved disinfection of hands using chemicals

prior to surgery

use of heat for sterilization

39


40/55

Aseptic Technique

Methods of handling microbial cultures,

patient specimens, and other sources of

microbes in a way that prevents infection

of the handler and others who may beexposed.

40


41/55

41

Pathogens and Germ Theory of

Disease

Many diseases are caused by the

growth of microbes in the body and not

by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. Two major contributors:

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch


42/55

42

Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)

Showed microbes causedfermentation and spoilage

Disproved spontaneousgeneration of

microorganisms Developed pasteurization

Demonstrated what is nowknown as Germ Theory ofDisease

Developed a rabies vaccine

Insert figure 1.11

Page 14.d


43/55


44/55

44

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Established Kochs

postulates - a sequence ofexperimental steps that verified

the germ theory

Identified cause of anthrax,

TB, and cholera

Developed pure culturemethods

Insert figure 1.12


45/55

45

Kochs Postulates

Determining the causative oretiologic agent ofinfectious disease:

Find evidence of a particular microbe inevery case of a disease.

Isolate that microbe from an infectedsubject and cultivate it artificially in thelaboratory.

Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject withthe laboratory isolate and observe theresultant disease.

Reisolate the agent from this subject.


46/55


47/55

47

Taxonomy: Organizing, Classifying

and Naming Living Things

Formal system originated by Carl von Linn

(1701-1778)

Concerned with: classification orderly arrangement of

organisms into groups

nomenclature assigning names

identification discovering and recording traits of

organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes


48/55

48

Levels of Classification

Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya Kingdom 5 Monera Plantae Protista Animalia

Fungi Phylum or Division Class Order Family

Genus species

Fig. 1.14


49/55

Fig. 1.13.a


50/55


51/55

51

Naming Micoorganisms

Binomial (scientific) nomenclature Gives each microbe 2 names:

Genus - noun, always capitalized

species - adjective, lowercase Both italicized or underlined

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

E l i li i hi h


52/55

52

Evolution - living things change

gradually over millions of years

Changes favoring survival are retained and less

beneficial changes are lost.

All new species originate from preexistingspecies.

Closely related organism have similar features

because they evolved from common ancestral

forms.

Evolution usually progresses toward greater

complexity.

Fig. 1.1


53/55


54/55

54

3 Domains

Eubacteria - true bacteria,peptidoglycan

Archaea - odd bacteria that live in

extreme environments, high salt, heat,etc.

Eukarya- have a nucleus and

organelles


55/55

55

Insert figure 1.15Woese-Fox System

chapter 13708microbiology

Documents