chapter 14
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Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
CHAPTER 14: USING RESEARCH TO STRENGTHEN ESSAYS
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
CHAPTER OUTLINE AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES
In this chapter, you will be able to strengthen your essays by:
incorporating supporting details from valid sources,
using proper MLA documentation for internal citation and Works Cited entries, and
blending direct quotations and effective paraphrasing.
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THE ROLES OF RESEARCH
The ability to include supporting material from outside sources to strengthen your writing. Starting with a Basic Outline and Essay An Essay Without Research
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FINDING RESEARCH TO STRENGTHEN ESSAYS
Locating Material in Your College Library Online Catalog
Lists all of the library’s books and major holdings.
Popular Periodical Indexes College libraries subscribe to several index
services that provide access to complete articles from periodicals.
• EBSCOhost• InfoTrac• WilsonWeb
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FINDING RESEARCH TO STRENGTHEN ESSAYS
Internet Search Engines Search engines that help users locate specific
Web sites and potential sources if they do not show URL addresses.
• Google• BING• AltaVista• Yahoo!
Checking for Validity of Sources Check author’s credentials Evaluate sources, both print and online, carefully.
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INCORPORATING AND ACKNOWLEDGING YOUR SOURCES
Gathering and Organizing Sources Print out articles and photocopy sources. Organize and label sources.
Taking Notes and Acknowledging Your Sources Documentation involves acknowledging the
source. When you provide the documentation within a
research essay, you are using an internal citation. Works Cited is the last page of the essay where
you list all of the sources you cited within the paper.
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INCORPORATING AND ACKNOWLEDGING YOUR SOURCES
Avoiding Plagiarism Plagiarism occurs when you use a source’s
words or ideas and fail to give proper credit to the author and/or course of the work.
Even if you paraphrase, you must give credit to the original source.
Options for Acknowledging Your Sources English and Humanities instructors prefer
students to follow MLA (Modern Language Association) system of documentation.
MLA handbooks are readily available.
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INCORPORATING AND ACKNOWLEDGING YOUR SOURCES
MLA Internal (“In-text”) Citation Several options for incorporating and giving
credit to the source of your information. Parenthetical documentation.
Signal Phrases Phrases that enable you to lead smoothly into
documented information. Examples: According to Smith; As Smith
notes; Smith suggests that; Smith reports that
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INCORPORATING AND ACKNOWLEDGING YOUR SOURCES
Documenting Information from a Source with an Unknown Author If there is no author listed for a source, introduce
the full title of the work after a signal phrase or place an abbreviation of the title in parenthesis at the end of the information cited.
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WORKS CITED ENTRIES: MLA FORMAT
Works Cited list of sources contains only the works you cited in your paper.
The list is alphabetized and starts on a separately numbered page after the essay itself.
Entries should be double-spaced and the second and subsequent lines of each entry should be indented five spaces.
Double spacing should also be used between each entry.
The medium of publication is now required to be listed for all Works Cited entries.
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WORKS CITED ENTRIES: A COMPREHENSIVE LIST (MLA) Books
Book by One Author Book by Two Authors A Short Work in an Anthology Introduction from a Book Dictionary or Encyclopedia
Periodicals Newspaper Article Newspaper Editorial Magazine Article (from a Monthly or Bimonthly
Publication)
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WORKS CITED ENTRIES: A COMPREHENSIVE LIST (MLA)
Magazine Article (from a Weekly Publication)
Journal Article Electronic Sources
Entire Web Site Article or Short Work Article from an Online Magazine Article from an Online Subscription Service Email
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WORKS CITED ENTRIES: A COMPREHENSIVE LIST (MLA)
Other Sources: Non-Print Personal Interview Radio or Television Program
At a Glance: Seven Common Types of Works Cited Entries Book Magazine Article Newspaper Article Journal Article Article from an Online Magazine
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WORKS CITED ENTRIES: A COMPREHENSIVE LIST (MLA)
Article from an Online Database Subscription Service
An Entire Web Site (No Named Author)
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INCORPORATING RESEARCH INTO YOUR OUTLINE
Include research information in the outline
A Draft of an Essay with Research
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PREPARING THE FINAL VERSION OF AN ESSAY WITH RESEARCH
Making Final Changes and Refinements Include refinements, changes, and MLA
documentation
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WHEN CHECKING FOR VALIDITY OF ONLINE SOURCES, A STUDENT SHOULD
A. check the author’s credentials.B. assume that the information is valid because it
appears online.C. disregard any information about the background
of the company.
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WHEN CHECKING FOR VALIDITY OF ONLINE SOURCES, A STUDENT SHOULD
A. check the author’s credentials.B. assume that the information is valid
because it appears online.C. disregard any information about the
background of the company.
incorporating supporting details from valid sources,
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MLA FORMAT IS PREFERRED BY
A. psychology instructorsB. engineering instructorsC. English instructorsD. art instructors
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
MLA FORMAT IS PREFERRED BY
A. psychology instructorsB. engineering instructorsC. English instructorsD. art instructors
using proper MLA documentation for internal citation and Works Cited entries