chapter 14 examination review. the capacity to do work is referred to as
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14 Examination Review
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The capacity to do work is
referred to as
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Energy
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A substance in the physical environment that
has value to human beings is
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A resource
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Prior to the Industrial Revolution,
humans relied mostly on what
kind of power?
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Animate
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Plant material, vegetation, oragricultural waste used as afuel or energy source. Beforethe Industrial Revolution, themost important source of fuelwas
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Biomass
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Finite resources, unevenly
Distributed around the world,
and are from plants and
Animals buried millions of
years ago describe
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Fossil Fuels
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The most common energy
source for home heat and hot
water is
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Natural Gas
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Most nonrenewable energysources are
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Formed very slowly
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The amount of energy in fields
not yet identified but thought to
exist is a
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Potential Reserve
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Unconventional sources of oil like shales and tsar sandstone are
accessible only by
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Damaging the Environment
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Saudi Arabia has relatively large proven reserves of
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petroleum
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Which two countries have relatively large proven reserves of
coal?
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China United States
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Which two countries are prime examples of countries that consume more energy than they produces? (Hint: One naturally and one for economic reasons)
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JapanUnited States
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In protest of the U.S.’s support for Israel in its 1973 war against Egypt, Jordon, and Syria, during the winter of 1973 – 1974, OPEC members
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refused to sell petroleum to the United States
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With increasing demand in LDCs, world petroleum consumption is expected to increase during the next two decades by about __________ %.
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50 %
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List four nonmetallic
minerals used for fertilizer:
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CalciumPotassium
SulfurPhosphorus
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Greater dependence on coal is likely to
occur by expanding use of
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Electricity
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North Americans are less dependent
than Europeans on nuclear energy
primarily because of more abundant
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Coal Reserves
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Elaborate safety measures must be
taken to store nuclear waste primarily
because the waste is
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Radioactive
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Most of the nuclear waste in the U.S. is
stored in approximately __________ facilities across the country.
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1 2 1
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The breeder reactor was invented to address the problem that nuclear power depends on scarce _________.
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Uranium
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A process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone, and is re-radiated in all direction is called
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Greenhouse Effect
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Why is solar energy primarily more
expensive than other forms of energy for most consumers?
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Installation Costs
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A discharge constitutes
pollution if the level is greater than the
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Environmental
Capacity
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A concentration of a trace
substance at a level greater than
occurs in the average air constitutes
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Air Pollution
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The combination of sulfur oxide
with oxygen and water produces
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Acid Deposition
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A condition in which sunlight causes
nitrogen oxides to react in the atmosphere
produces
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Photochemical smog
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The possible increase in the Earth’s temperature
caused by carbon dioxide trapping radiation is the
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The Greenhouse Effect
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•The source of air pollution most responsible for damaging trees in Ontario, Canada, and Germany’s Black Forest is
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Acid Deposition
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The most significant source of air pollution
caused by automobiles is
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Photochemical smog
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A gas threatening Earth’s ozone layer is
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Chlorofluorocarbon
CFCs
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Steel and chemical industries are major water polluters primarily because they generate large amounts of
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Wastewater
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Polluted water threatens the survival of aquatic plants and animals in by enriching the water with excessive
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Levels of nutrients
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PCB oils, cyanides, strong solvents, and heavy metals are considered
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Hazardous Waste
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Contrary to air and water pollution, solid waste pollution is reduced through concentrating rather than
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Dispersing Waste
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The greatest benefit of incinerating solid waste is the production of
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Electricity
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One strategy for the reduction of solid waste pollution is separation of different
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Types of trash
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A strategy for reducing waste through recycling includes using the waste in
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production
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A strategy for reducing the amount of waste generated includes changing the mix of inputs increasing the product to
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waste ratio
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An alternative to reducing discharges into the environment is using the environment
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more efficiently
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Reduction of biodiversity through species extinction is especially important in
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Tropical Rain Forests
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The variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth is called
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biodiversity
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A level of organization within the living world that includes
both the total array of biological organisms present
in a defined area and the chemical-physical factors
that influence the plants and animals in it is called an
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Ecosystem
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The sustainable use and
management of natural resources
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Conservation
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Maintenance of resources in their present condition
refers to
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Preservation
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• Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of "needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and the future needs defines
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United Nations definition of
Sustainable Development
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The World Wildlife Federation claims the world surpassed its sustainable level around ___________.
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1980
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Critics and defenders of sustainable
development both agree that more
international cooperation is
needed to reduce the
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gap between LDCs
and MDCs
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Estimates of earth’s total number of species
range from ___________________.
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3 million to 100 million
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Name three nations that have no land under conservation:
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IraqSome former Soviet
Republics
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The study of constraints placed
by resources on the level of
development is
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carrying capacity analysis
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To avoid depleting resources, future generations will need to increase their use of
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sustainable development
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Since 1990, ______ consumption has increased slightly more rapidly than the 2% annual growth rate for petroleum.
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Natural gas