chapter 14. oldest known photograph of a tornado (1884)
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14
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Oldest Known Photograph of a Tornado (1884)
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Tornadoes
Rapidly rotating column of air that flows around a small area of intense low pressure with a circulation that reaches the ground.
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Tornadoes
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Table 14-2, p. 400
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Tornadoes
When
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F-Scale Converted to EF-ScaleF-Scale Converted to EF-ScaleEnhanced Fujita Scale Feb 1 2007Enhanced Fujita Scale Feb 1 2007
F ScaleF Scale Wind SpeedWind Speed EF-ScaleEF-Scale Wind SpeedWind Speed
F0F0 45-7845-78 EF0EF0 65-8565-85
F1F1 79-11779-117 EF1EF1 86-10986-109
F2F2 118-161118-161 EF2EF2 110-137110-137
F3F3 162-209162-209 EF3EF3 138-167138-167
F4F4 210-261210-261 EF4EF4 168-199168-199
F5F5 262-317262-317 EF5EF5 200-234200-234
Wind speeds in mph, 3-second gust
Objectives: 3, EF-Scale structure; 4, EF vs F-Scale
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DOD to Wind Speed to EF-ScaleDOD to Wind Speed to EF-Scale
EF-Scale CategoriesEF-Scale Categories Wind Speed RangesWind Speed Ranges
EF0EF0 65-8565-85
EF1EF1 86-11086-110
EF2EF2 111-135111-135
EF3EF3 136-165136-165
EF4EF4 166-200166-200
EF5EF5 >200>200
Objectives: 3, EF-Scale structure
Wind speeds in mph, 3-second gust
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Why the EF-Scale was created Need more damage
indicators recalibrate winds
associated with F-scale ratings
better correlate wind and rating
account for construction variability
Flexibility, Extensibility, Expandability
Evidence indicates a well Evidence indicates a well constructed house can be blown constructed house can be blown away by winds much less than away by winds much less than 260 mph 260 mph ((Phan and Simiu,2003)..
The framed house is one of only The framed house is one of only a few F-scale damage a few F-scale damage indicators.indicators.
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Tornadoes
Tornado outbreaksFamilies, super outbreak
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Super tornado outbreak April 3-4, 1974 315 deathshttp://www.april31974.com/
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Palm Sunday April 11 196547 Tornadoes in 12 hours span 271 deaths, 3400 people injured 1.1 billion damage (2003 $$$$)
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May 3-4 1999 Oklahoma City
66 tornadoes 46 fatalities, 800 injured 1.5 billion damage An F-5 tornado
http://www.norman.noaa.gov/2000/05/first-anniversary-of-may-3-1999-tornado-outbreak-highlights-importance-of-warnings/
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Fig. 14-37, p. 396
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Tornadoes
Tornado OccurrenceUS experiences most tornadoesTornado Alley (warm, humid surface; cold
dry air aloft)Highest occurrence spring (may June),
lowest winterHighest Death Toll , April
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Where else do tornadoes form?
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Two of the highest concentrations of tornadoes outside the U.S. are Argentina and Bangladesh. Both have similar topography with Brazil (Argentina) or from the Indian Ocean (Bangladesh). mountains helping catch low-level moisture from over Brazil (Argentina) or from the Indian Ocean (Bangladesh).
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Palm Sunday Tornado April 11 , 1965 271 deathshttp://www.crh.noaa.gov/dtx/palmsunday/
Super tornado outbreak April 3-4, 1974 315 deathshttp://www.april31974.com/
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http://www.tornadoproject.com/toptens/toptens.htm
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Radar
Doppler Radar
http://www.oar.noaa.gov/spotlite/2008/spot_radar.html
Phased array radars
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Tornadoes
Tornado windsMeasurement based upon damage after
storm or Doppler radarFor southwest approaching storms, winds
strongest in the northeast of the storm, 220 kts maximum
Multi-vortex tornados
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Tornadic Formation
Basic requirements are: an intense thunderstorm Vertical wind shear Cold air aloft and warm moist air near
surface (unstable conditions) Initiation of convection Capping inversion
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Vertical wind shearCold air aloft and warm moist air near surface (unstable conditions)Initiation of convectionCapping inversion
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Tornadoes
Seeking shelterBasement or small, interior room on ground
floorIndoor vs. outdoor pressure
The Fujita ScaleBased upon the damage created by a stormF0 weakest, F5 strongestEnhanced Fujita Scale
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Severe Weather and Doppler Radar Doppler radar measures the speed of
precipitation toward and away radar unit Two Doppler radars can provide a 3D
view TVS, Doppler lidar NEXRAD
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Waterspouts
Rotating column of air that is connected to a cumuliform cloud over a large body of water
Tornadic waterspout