Chapter 14.1 reviewTeacher: George Washington not only cut down his father’s cherry tree but admitted to doing it. Do you know why his father did not punish him?Student: Because George still had the axe in his hand

Teacher: Your essay on “My Dog” is exactly like your brother’s essay. Did you copy his essay?Student: No, it’s the same dog

Teacher: Marie, go to the map and find North America.Marie: Here it isTeacher: Correct!.Now class, who discovered America?Idiot in class: Marie

Chapter 14.1 review•A wave of immigration came to the US in the mid-1800s•Nearly all immigrants came by ocean voyage and used steerage – the cheapest deck on the ship. •They came from Britain, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia (Sweden, Denmark, and Norway) and China – but a great majority came from Europe. Why. Historians use the push-pull factors as reasons. Some factors literally push you out of one country (Europe). Other factors pull you toward one country (U.S.).

Chapter 14.1 reviewImmigration explosion in mid-1800sPush/pull factors:Push (away from home country) factors:1) Population growth – Europe becoming overcrowded2) Agricultural changes – New methods made work force

not needed – forced tenant farmers off land, leaving them no job

3) Crop failures – caused some farmers to not be able to pay debts, started over in America, others left hungry

4) Industrial Revolution – goods produced in factory left skilled artisans (carpenters, etc) without work. Some went to work in factories, others emigrated

5) Religious and Political turmoil – Quakers fled Norway, Jews fled Germany due to persecution, some left due to Germany’s failed 1848 revolution

Chapter 14.1 review Pull (toward America) factors:1) Freedom – not just religious freedom (but

main driving one), but political (some really wanted to experience democracy)

2) Economic opportunity – America in wave of prosperity – immigrants wanted piece of gold road

3) Abundant land – to Europeans, America was huge. To land starved Europeans they saw America as land of opportunity. Also, U.S. wanted people to settle in these lands.

Chapter 14 review  

Chapter 14.1Scandinavians sought land and

since public land was sold at $1.25 an acre they left for US and settled in Midwest (Minnesota, Wisconsin in particular).

Germans also moved to Wisconsin, but Texas as well for economic opportunity. Some settled in cities to become butchers, carpenters, printers, shoemakers, and tailors.

Irish leave because of potato famine and mostly settled in cities where there were many jobs.

Chapter 14.1 review•The main reasons for Europeans to come to the United States was for economic opportunity and to escape famine and religious persecution •Immigration in the mid-1800s effected the United States in the following ways:•cities became overcrowded, leading to unhealthy conditions and crime.•The term Nativists is used to describe people born here and they called for stricter citizenship requirements when the explosion of people came from Europe•Immigrants settled on sparsely populated lands.

Chapter 14.1 review – last slide*A severe food shortage that results in widespread hunger and death is known as a famine.*A person who leaves his or her country to live elsewhere is called an emigrant.*A negative opinion that is not based on facts is called prejudice*People who come to a country to settle are calledimmigrants.

14.2American art and literature begin to

develop. Stories like “The Last of the Mohicans”

by James Fenimore Cooper and “The Oregon Trail by Francis Parkman were uniquely American stories.

Noah Webster gave us the “American Dictionary of the English Language”

Unique American art by Albert Bierstadt and James Audubon (left France at 18) painted uniquely American animals and landscapes

Americans took pride in their emerging culture.

14.2 con’tRalph Waldo Emerson urged Americans

to cast off European influence and develop their own beliefs

Henry David Thoreau did just that when he (and a group he was with) developed a new philosophy called transcendentalism – the idea that the spiritual world is more important than the physical world. He also urged people to not obey the laws the considered unjust but protest peacefully. This is known as civil disobedience. Thoreau thought the war with Mexico was a way for the government to expand slavery so he refused to pay taxes and went to jail.

14.2 con’tGreat writers continued to emerge.Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson

wrote poems that changed the American poetry

Edgar Allan Poe wrote horror stories and it credited with the first detective story

Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote “The Scarlett Letter” about Puritan times

Herman Melville wrote thrillers like “Moby Dick”

They all wrote about the harmful effects of cruel actions

The mystery is a fitting homage to Poe, the Boston-born author acclaimed for his detective stories and tales of terror. The circumstances of his death in 1849 continue to prompt conspiracy theories. After telling friends he was going to Philadelphia, he was found wandering the streets of Baltimore in distress, wearing tattered clothing that was not his own. He died four days later and his final words are recorded as: "Lord, help my poor soul."

On Edgar Allan Poe’s birthday, a bescarfed man in a wide-brim hat bearing a cane and wearing a cloak, would swoop in, leave a half drunk bottle of Martell cognac, arrange three roses the exact same way, and then steal away into the night. The identity of the “Poe Toaster” remained a mystery. Caretakers, Poe Museum Curators, and fans all camped out at midnight on his birthday to catch the toaster to no avail. Since 2009 the Toaster has not left the trademark cognac and roses. His identity has never been found out even though many have made claims.

14.3 con’tSecond Great Awakening saw a

renewal in religious faith from 1790s to early 1800s.

Temperance Movement – campaign to stop drinking alcohol. Workers would drink their entire paychecks leaving family’s with no money to live on. Business owners supported them

Workers’ Rights saw labor unions form. Workers ask for 40 hour work weeks, higher wages

14.3 con’tImproving Education – Americans

started to demand better schools. In 1837, Mass. Sets up first state board of education.

Horace Mann called public education the great equalizer

Many northern states started opening up elementary schools, high schools and colleges started opening up throughout the country

Women and African-Americans were restricted from attending these schools. The south followed the law making it illegal to teach African Americans and those attempting to learn were brutally punished

14.3 contDorothy Dix championed the cause of

the mental ill. She helped change the way mentally ill were treated – from no treatment, beaten and chained to better care in homes and even rehabilitation efforts

Print – penny papers made it easy for average citizen to find out how to live, current news,

Ladies Magazine and Godey’s Lady’s Book were popular & advocated for women’s education. Stated men and women equal but different responsibilities. Women in the home, men in business

14.4Abolition – the movement to end

slaveryWilliam Lloyd Garrison published

an abolitionist newspaper writing “I will not retreat a single inch-AND I WILL BE HEARD” regarding the issue of slavery. He almost got hung for this statement in Boston.

Frederick Douglas and Sojourner Truth

former slaves and active abolitionists also spoke for women’s rights.

14.4 con’tUnderground Railroad – were a series of

above ground escape routes that went from the South to the North. They traveled on foot, took wagons, boats, and trains. Many people helped hid them such as Frederick Douglas. They hid during the day, and moved by night.

Harriet Tubman – born a slave, escaped and then went back 19 times to help other slaves escape. At one point she had a 40,000 bounty on her head. She was the master of disguises. She was a cook for the Union army and even a spy.

14.4Women reformers – Lucretia Mott

and Elizabeth Cady Stanton - attending an Anti-slavery convention in London, decided it was time to stand up for women’s rights – so they were determined to hold a convention for that cause.

The Seneca Falls Convention started with the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (modeled after the Declaration of Independence). It stated “All men and women are created equal”. It listed complaints and resolutions.