Chapter 15 & 16Student Presentations

2009

The Origin, Life, and Decline of the three Gunpowder Empires:

Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire

Originated in central Asia-established in NW corner of Anatolian peninsula

-westward expansion-strong political rulers

geared toward war/expansion

-took advantage of weaknesses in opponents

Strong militarySuleiman the Magnificent-Ruled over the Ottoman Empire at it’s peak

Janissaries-Compromised the elite Ottoman infantry

Some of the first to use firearmsExtremely skilled with

MusketsMade use of many

different firearmsGrenades Hand cannons or pistols

The Ottomans were able to conquer the areas that they did largely due to siege weapons and artillery

Picture depicting the Siege of Rhodes in 1522

Ottoman Cannon

Founded by Osman Bey (1280-1326)Orkhan I (1326-1360)- Bosporus, BalkansMurad I (1360-1389)-janissariesBayazid I (1389-1402)-TamerlaneMehmet II (1451-1481)- ConstantinopleSelim (1512-1520)- Northern Africa,

MesopotamiaSuleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566)-

Vienna 1529

Steady decline due to weak leadersCollapse in 1922

Safavid Empire

-Shah Ismail- descendent of Ali from Azerbaijan

-Established empire by conquering Iran and Iraq and eventually Baghdad giving him control of Persia

-Despite losing land to the Ottomans, the Safavids reached the height of their power under the rule of Shah Abbah (military and administration

Shah Ismail

Safavids were made of both nomadic Turks and sophisticated Iranians- needed unifying factor

Islam- Shi’ism became the state religionAbbah- strong ruler who made intellectual

curiosity an important fixture and created an effective government

Also foreigners in the government- neither the Turks or Iranians were used in government to avoid bias/conflict

InternalSuccession issues led to corrupt, militant Shiite

governing This led to an increase in social pressures and,

consequently, social unrest and revoltsExternal

Seeing Safavid weakness, Afgans invaded and seized capital at Isfahan

This forced out the Safavid ruling class and ended the Safavid Empire

Originated from present day YugoslaviaDescended from the Mongolian EmpireCreated by Babur, capital at Doab. moved into Afghanistan with his mobile cavalry

and took over India in 1504 Babur captured the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi in

1526, followed by son Humayon, capital to DelhiHumayon taxed the people unlawfully Followed by Akbar, use of heavy artilleryCreated a legal system, which was used by

Hindus and Muslims, was tolerantUNIFYING!!!!!!

Decline in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries provoked by harsh religious policies of Aurangzeb

Power of the emperor declined with the growing power of aristocratic families

Suffered invasions from Persia and Afghanistan

British occupation in 1804, formalized as a colony in 1805

Ottoman Empire Adoption and Adaption of Gunpowder,

Government, and Finance

Hyksos

Gunpowder and Warfare

One of the first Middle Eastern states to use gunpowder effectively– Used gunpowder weapons to conquer the Middle

East, North Africa, and the Balkans Slow to adapt innovations like the canon, and

conversion from matchlock firearms to flintlocks

The bronze Dardanelles cannon, used by the Ottoman Turks in the siege of Constantinople in 1453.

15th Century

First states to put gunpowder weapons into widespread use.

1440s, the Janissary corps of the Ottoman army used matchlock muskets

The army of Mehmet, conquered Constantinople – 1453, included both artillery

and foot soldiers armed with gunpowder weapons

Mehmet II in Constantinople

16th Century Warfare

first widespread use of the matchlock musket as a crucial weapon on the battlefield.

The first of these campaigns was the campaign against the Persians in 1514 under Sultan Selim,

– Armed with gunpowder weapons, his army defeated the Persians at the Battle of Chaldiran

– After beating the Safavids, Selim turned his attention towards the Mamluk dynasty

There, Selim defeated the Mamluk artillery, and attacked the Mamluk forces with his Janissaries w/ firearms

– destroyed the Mamluk army that had traditional swords and javelins

16th Century Warfare 2

During the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent, gunpowder weapons continued to be used effectively.

Battle of Mohacs in 1526. – During this battle,

Ottoman artillery, and Janissaries armed with muskets, were able to cut down Hungarian cavalry

Battle of Mohacs 1526

17th Century Warfare

By the 17th century they witnessed how ineffective the traditional cavalry charges were in the face of concentrated musket-fire volleys.

Janisseries were trained with muskets, became more heavily involved in the imperial army

Tower flintlocks from the 17th-18th centuries CE

By the middle of the 17th century, the continued reliance of the Ottomans on over-heavy artillery had been made out by European officers as a liability.

Governance Adaptations

Bey- tribal leader remain

in power by providing

pastureland and “booty,”

military and administrative

power Capital-bey location of

residence Tribal law

Evolve into position of

sultan- political and

military leader Fixed capital at

Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Islamic law

Ottoman governing system based largely on tribal traditions-evolved as problems of governing sedentary empire arose

Governance Adaptations

Sultan become hereditary, isolated in palace Grand vezir chief minister, sultan communicate

through, in charge of imperial bureaucracy Devshirme- system of training slaves

– Originate from tradition of local

clan leaders providing prisoners

to sultan Bureaucrats still elected partly

on merit Local rule still based on Turkish

tribal traditions Sultan Selim III holding an audience

Devshirme in the Topkapi

Palace

Finances

Originally beys in charge of providing booty and pastureland for loyal chiefs-economic support

Tribal leaders collect taxes from people on land, give 1/5 to bey

Senior officials given fiefs-land to local cavalry, collect taxes

Location in northwestern corner of peninsula-good access to trade, increase finances

Control trade between Black Sea and Mediterranean Pashas-tax collectors appointed by central govt

Location in northwestern corner of Anatolian peninsula-good access to trade, increase finances

Control trade between Black Sea and Mediterranean

Euro InvAsian

Ottomans Mostly Sunni Muslims State system based off

of Islam Sultan- protector of

Islam, caliph Tolerant of all other

religions besides Shiism All non- sunnis had to

pay taxes: dhimmis Devshirme system - Non muslim children

given to the state, made into slaves & converted

Sharia lawcode -Built huge mosques

Safavids Produced an artistic and

cultural renaissance within Islam (all three empires)

Ruled mostly Muslims (shi’a sunni)

Spread Shiism Persian religious scholars

in bureaucracy dynasty declined, religious

leaders become more independent, still served leaders

Majority of population converted to Shi’a Islam

Big part of Iranian identity

Religious teachers got state support

Mughals Akbar the Great- tolerant towards hinduism & islam: created

joint religion- Sikism to unify subjects -Hindus rose to high positions in administration No discrimination- high religious tolerance Rulers were born Muslim Conversions to Islam were not forced

TOLERANT NATION- LOVED HINUISM AND ISLAM

Safavid women Could divorce Arranged marriages,

usually by attorney Some acquired power by

becoming prostitute Active patrons of arts,

artchitecture and religious institutions (women related to royalty)

Man able to have mistresses. Women had to remain chaste.

Women had some freedom after death of Shah Abba in 1629

Had to wear hajab

Mughal women Secluded (viels) Had power Were more than objects

to please men Treated with respect Asked to participate in

political affairs Some forced to marry

Hindu men and convert to Hinduism

Arranged marriages Akbar the Great- strove

to improve women’s social status: prohibited sati, special market days, child marriage, widow remarriage

Ottoman vs. Safavid Dominated by warrior aristocracies who

shared power with monarch Warriors had own estates and often exploited

the peasantry Encouraged growth of handcraft production

and trade Safavids were less market-oriented than

Ottomans Women had social disadvantages of Islamic

culture –subordinate to fathers and husbands’ no expression outside the husband

Mughal Ottoman

Qing China and Mughal India

Immortals

Government

Adopted most of government from Ming dynasty

All positions were dual: One Manchu and one Chinese official – Manchu official had more power

Largely based on Confucian principals

Very effective military

Rulers not native born; from northern border

Many ideas adopted from Delhi Sultanate

Influential Mughal court Military nature of empire Very expansionist By 1698 Europe involved in

politics

QingMughal

Leaders

Kangxi Absolutist ruler Patron of the arts Pacified people of north and

west frontier Temporary religious tolerance Sacred Edicts

List of principals based on Confucian ideas

Stated conduct expected of subjects

Babur Founded Mughal dynasty Driven south by Uzbeks and

Safavids Akbar

United empire with Shiism; religious tolerance

Successors built on foundation

Golden Age under Shan Jhan

Economic

Qing Beginning- small towns,

mostly rural society 85% of population farmers Limited trade,

manufacturingPeasants, merchants

begin moving to urban areas

Increase in urbanization

Mughal Much agriculture

Rice, wheat millet grown in different regions

Also cash crops: cotton, sugarcane, indigo, opium

Evolving commercial economy, basis on oceanic trade

Economic (cont.)

Mughals 1498 – Arrival of

Portuguese at Mughal port

1608 – tried to stop trade with British

British caused tension over taxesBritish wanted to be

exempt

Qing Increased trade and

manufacturing Beginning of trade

w/Europe, regulated at Canton

Trade of silk, porcelain, tea

Social

Qing Followed some Chinese

traditions Changed hairstyle and

dress (queue) Arranged marriages Clan lineage Rise in population: large

families for farming

Mughal Landed gentry most

powerful Emergence of merchant

class Wealth based on

economic prosperity, not birth

Women

Qing In charge of finances and

education Inferior to men Marriages remain

arranged, and women often divorced if no male heir produced

Some say in family matters

Mughal Women active in

society Could get education Women in the harem

had political influence Allowed to own land Many learned to paint

and write poetry

Resistance to Western Influence

Qing At first, trade between Europe

and China fairly prosperous China believes its own

products are best; do not want European items

The Chinese anger Europeans by refusing to trade for manufactured goods

Mughal 1608 – banned British

from trading at Surat Mughal power declined

and British able to set up factories at Fort William and Madros

Tax exemption issues causes tension between European traders and Mughal merchants

Western Influence (cont.)

Qing Only licensed trading

firms at Canton for trade between the west and China

Later confined Europeans to a small island on which they could only reside from October to March

Mughal Battle of Plassey –

British try to invade, win right to be tax exempt

British eventually dominate all of India

Mughals essentially fail resisting west

Japanese Japanese UnificationUnification

““The Three Great Unifiers”The Three Great Unifiers”

Oda Nobunaga

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Artemis’ Prey

Prior System of FeudalismPrior System of Feudalism• Emperor held highest esteem,

Shogun still head of power • After the Onin War, disruption and

fragmentation• Hierarchy of nobility holding land,

vassals, majority peasants, samurai

• Decentralization, feudal warfare• Unifiers (successful and potential)

attempted centralization• Civil War within Japan • Decrease in trade• Feudalism continued until 1700s

but stability with central authority from “Three Great Unifiers”

Oda Nobunaga Oda Nobunaga

• Son of samurai, powerful familySon of samurai, powerful family• Leading daimyo in the Sengoku era, skilled warriorLeading daimyo in the Sengoku era, skilled warrior• Intelligence in economics led to success (macro microeconomics)Intelligence in economics led to success (macro microeconomics)• At Father’s death, received land and power at Nagoya At Father’s death, received land and power at Nagoya enemies enemies

within family, Oda had younger brother killedwithin family, Oda had younger brother killed• Soon gained total control of Owari region Battle of Okehazama (fire Soon gained total control of Owari region Battle of Okehazama (fire

arms used)arms used)• 1568 wins Kyoto, rules under Askato Shogunate until its fall 15731568 wins Kyoto, rules under Askato Shogunate until its fall 1573• Implemented firearms, ironclad ships along with spread of Implemented firearms, ironclad ships along with spread of

European goodsEuropean goods• Unopposed to Christianity (missionaries present), spiteful towards Unopposed to Christianity (missionaries present), spiteful towards

BuddhismBuddhism• 1582 sent his general Toyotomi Hideyoshi to the west for military 1582 sent his general Toyotomi Hideyoshi to the west for military

attack attack Nobunaga killed Nobunaga killed

Toyotomi HideyoshiToyotomi Hideyoshi• Born to peasant familyBorn to peasant family• As a young man, found job working for Nobunaga, As a young man, found job working for Nobunaga,

rose to be chief generalrose to be chief general• At Nobunaga’s death 1582 Hideyoshi rose to At Nobunaga’s death 1582 Hideyoshi rose to

positionposition• 1590 control of Japan was solely Hideyoshi’s1590 control of Japan was solely Hideyoshi’s• Daimyo and local lords given control of territory Daimyo and local lords given control of territory

separate armies and taxations were numerous separate armies and taxations were numerous • Made social reforms (disarming population, Made social reforms (disarming population,

movement of solidiers)movement of solidiers)• Gained new territory of southern islandsGained new territory of southern islands• Attempted to amass Korean support to invade China Attempted to amass Korean support to invade China • 1592, army 150,000 reached southern Korea1592, army 150,000 reached southern Korea with with victory at Soeulvictory at Soeul but was halted by Chinese but was halted by Chinese• Strenghtened rule through public festivities and Strenghtened rule through public festivities and

approvalapproval of the emperorof the emperor• 1598 Hideyoshi fell ill, no successor1598 Hideyoshi fell ill, no successor

Osaka Castle-

Toyotomi headquarters

Tokugawa IeyasuTokugawa Ieyasu• Born out of a military clanBorn out of a military clan

– Inherited father’s fragmented territoryInherited father’s fragmented territory• Close confidant and ally of Nobunaga Close confidant and ally of Nobunaga

– Top general for HideyoshiTop general for Hideyoshi• Built up new capital at EdoBuilt up new capital at Edo• Defeated main rival Ishida Mitsunari, Defeated main rival Ishida Mitsunari,

16001600• Continued in hope of centralizationContinued in hope of centralization

in 1603 to name himself Shogunin 1603 to name himself Shogun• Placed strict system which unified Japan Placed strict system which unified Japan

with unwavering policies concerningwith unwavering policies concerning– External relationsExternal relations– TradeTrade– EconomicsEconomics

Edo, Japan

Ieyasu

“Three Great

Unifiers”Three unifiers

centralized power by enforcing

their rule over daimyo and samurai, like

what is shown in this

picture

Unifiers in HarmonyUnifiers in Harmony

• Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Ieyasu worked together to centralized Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Ieyasu worked together to centralized Japan Japan overthrowing Ashikaga Shogunate and finally est. overthrowing Ashikaga Shogunate and finally est. Tokugawa Tokugawa

• New methods of centralization including political, social, New methods of centralization including political, social, militaristic reforms militaristic reforms

– After years of inconsistency, stability was achieved with After years of inconsistency, stability was achieved with unwavering policies and new strict lawsunwavering policies and new strict laws

• New weapons, allies, strength to emperor, disarming New weapons, allies, strength to emperor, disarming soldierssoldiers

• Each used feudalism to their advantageEach used feudalism to their advantage

– Amassing their estates, allying with others, rising in rankAmassing their estates, allying with others, rising in rank

• Fair play achieved greatness Fair play achieved greatness

UnityPeace

Window to the WestWindow to the West• Main impact of Unifiers:Main impact of Unifiers:

– New influences New influences concerningconcerning• Religion, missionariesReligion, missionaries• Trade, availability of Trade, availability of

goodsgoods• Intellectual & cultural Intellectual & cultural

developmentdevelopment• Unified members of Unified members of

society society • NationalismNationalism

…But how long will it last?

Japanese and Chinese Japanese and Chinese responses to European responses to European

contactcontact

The Great KhansThe Great Khans

ChinaChina• China is at its height under the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911)

dynasties • Under the Qing- commercial development of the Ming, agricultural

production, and territorial expansion reached new heights• A primitive national market is developed

– By the end of the 1800s China experiences social unrest due in large part to population pressure

– National market’s power and influence decreases• The interaction between the Asian and European countries was

complicated – Unequal balance of trade between China and the Europeans– Europeans wanted to set up large ports throughout China and

China was against the idea• Events lead China to limit contact with the West

– During a time when the West is entering a period of rapid scientific and technological development in which all countries would eventually participate

China and BritainChina and Britain• British replaced Portuguese as dominant

country in European trade• East India Company established trading post

at Canton, located in South China in 1699• Trade with Britain greatly increased• Response: Qing limited trade by restricting

Europeans to small island– Only allowed to live there from October to

March• End of eighteenth century Britain demanded

access to more cities along the coast– Wanted Chinese to open country to their

manufactured goods– Uneven balance of trade between two

countries• Lord Macartney visited Beijing to ask for

removal of the restrictions– Response: Emperor Qianlong had no

interest in British manufactured products and declined offer

China and PortugalChina and Portugal• The Portuguese first reach China in 1514 • Trading pirates displeased Chinese

government– build a fortress on Chinese territory– disrupt established trade patterns

• By 1557 Chinese government granted Portuguese trading rights on the peninsula of Macao

• The Portuguese become involved in trade between China and Japan

• Asia is the center of the world economy and China a "sink" for silver

• Advanced commercial development takes the place of industrial development in China

– geographic unity, river systems, and canals facilitate the development of internal trade

• Response: later Ming rulers decided to cut off China from trade with Portugal, became isolated

Map of Ming territory

China and Japan’s attitude towards China and Japan’s attitude towards EuropeansEuropeans

• China and Japan’s governments tried to limit initial contact to with Europeans

• European voyages of exploration were brought to East Asia by the 1500s

• Change in political situations in China and Japan made interaction complicated along with Western nations’ interest in colonization

• Economic and theological disagreements among European powers/missionary groups upset the central governments of Japan and China– both were concerned that contact with Europeans could

cause disruption in their countries

JapanJapan In 1543 the Portuguese traders reach Japan Followed by the Jesuit missionary order

St. Francis Xavier arrives in Japan in 1549 The Jesuits get along with the daimyo of the

samurai class and are initially well received by leading daimyo Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, two daimyo crucial

to the reunification of Japan accept the Jesuits Arrival of the Portuguese is followed by the Dutch

and British battled to destroy the Portuguese and Spanish

control of the Asian spice trade The East India companies established by the Dutch

and British, become active in the early 1600s The Dutch (1609) and the British (1613) establish

trading relations with the Japanese with ports on the Japanese islands

At first Japanese curious of and interested in tobacco, spectacles, clocks, weapons

Francis Xavier

Dutch East India Company (VOC) flag

Japan and the ChristiansJapan and the Christians• Society of Jesus began to use city of

Nagasaki for not only trading but missionary purposes

• Europeans began to intervene in politics and loyalty by Christians to Japanese was not always withheld

• Christians destroyed local temples and shrines

– Response: Suspicion of Christian Europeans led to 1587 edict prohibiting Christian activities and ordering Jesuits to leave under Hideyoshi

• Missionaries continued to stay and convert local peoples, stirring up trouble that led to deaths and evictions

– 1637 Christian peasant revolt- bloodily suppressed

Response: Japanese ordered prohibition of trade with the West and ended up closing major factories on Hirado and Nagasaki

Painting of Christian missionaries coming to Japan

Japan’s restrictions on tradeJapan’s restrictions on trade Response: "Act of Seclusion" in 1636- Japan is "secluded" from

interchange with Western Europe (but not with East Asia) for the next 200 years

Only the Dutch maintain a small outpost on an island in Nagasaki Harbor because their missionaries didn’t interfere with trade- restrictions established– Dock at Nagasaki once a year to remain for 2-3 months– Strictly confined on islands

Books obtained from the Dutch are translated into Japanese and "Dutch learning" forms the basis of the knowledge of developments in the West throughout this period

Trade continues with the Koreans and Chinese exchange of goods and ideas with China is maintained The East Asian political order with China at the center is reinforced

Response: Japanese people couldn’t leave Japan and weren’t allowed to engage in foreign trade Some trade with China and Korea allowed