chapter 15 – page 408 cardiovascular system aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary valve pulmonary vein...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 15 – page 408
Cardiovascular system
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary ValvePulmonary vein
Left Atrium
Mitral ValveLeft Ventricle
Septum
Right Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Tricuspid Valve
Right Atrium
Superior Vena Cava
Aorticvalve
Composed of the heart and all the blood vessels of the body.
HEART
Muscular organ – size of fist Made of muscle called myocardium Average heart rate = 70-80
beats/minute
HEART
Contains four chambers Small upper chambers are called the left
and right atrium Larger lower chambers are called the left
and right ventricles A wall of tissue called the septum
separates the right side from the left side
Valves between the atria and the ventricles allow blood to flow. These valves are one-way valves.
A
HEART
At the top of the right atrium is the area that acts as a pacemaker for the heart. This area is called the SA Node
BLOOD
Delivers oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to the cells and carries away waste that the cells produce.
PLASMA
The fluid in which other parts of the blood are suspended.
Plasma is mostly water
RED BLOOD CELLS
Transport oxygen to the cells and tissue
Red blood cells are formed in bone marrow and contain hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein in blood. It contains iron that binds with oxygen in the lungs.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (see also lymphocytes under part IV)
Main role is to protect the body against infection.
Produced in the bone marrow Production of cells increases when
infection is present.
PLATELETS
Cells that prevent the body’s loss of blood
Release sticky substance that causes clumping at site of an injury
Stimulate blood to produce small thread-like fibers called fibrin
These fibers trap platelets and red/white blood cells to form a clot
HEMOPHILIA
The condition that occurs as a result of a deficient or abnormal clotting factor
BLOOD TYPES
Four types of blood A B AB O
Universal Donor = O Universal Recipient = AB
Rh Factor
A protein substance found in the red blood cells of most people (+)
If not present the blood is considered negative (-)
Normally has no impact on health unless blood is mixed
The blood will agglutinate (clump together)
BLOOD VESSELS
Network of more than 60,000 miles of blood vessels Enough length to circle the earth approx.
2.5 times!
ARTERIES
Carry blood away from the heart Thick, elastic walls Coronary arteries – carry blood to the
heart itself
ARTERIOLES
Smaller arteries as they move away from the heart
Connect with the capillaries
CAPILLARIES
Smallest blood vessels Connect the arterioles to the
venules Exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients and waste Play a role in temperature regulation
by dilating during heat, and constricting during cold.
VENULES
Smaller veins as they move toward the heart
Connect the capillaries to the veins
VEINS
Carry blood to the heart Thinner, less elastic walls Contain valves to prevent backflow
Lymph Circulation
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and tissues that move and filter lymph.
Lymph – the clear fluid that fills the spaces around body cells Contains water, proteins, fat and
lymphocytes Lymphocytes are specialized white blood
cells that protect the body against pathogens (microorganisms that cause disease)
Lymphocytes
Two Types
Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes – small bean shaped organs found in lymph vessels
B Cells T Cells (Killer and Helper)
Produce antibodies to fight pathogens
Killer T cells release toxins that prevent infection from spreading
Create immune response by preventing a second attack of the same disease
Helper T cells activate the B cells and the killer T cells
BLOOD PRESSURE
Measure of the amount of force that the blood places on the walls of the blood vessels, particularly large arteries, as it is pumped through the body.
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
Blood pressure cuff – measures blood pressure along with a stethoscope.
BLOOD PRESSURE
Average blood pressure for an adult is 120/80
Systolic pressure – maximum pressure on the artery walls (during a contraction) Top number in the fraction
Diastolic pressure – pressure at its lowest point (ventricles relax) Bottom number in the fraction
Cardiovascular System Problems Congenital Heart Defects – heart
conditions that are present at birth. (Septal defect is a hole in the septum)
Heart Murmurs – hole in heart OR a leaking/malfunctioning valve.
Varicose veins – valves in vein do not close tightly, allowing back flow of blood
Congenital Heart Defect -Septal Defect
Varicose Vein
Cardiovascular System Problems Anemia – ability of blood to carry
oxygen is reduced. Often caused by iron deficiency.
Hemophilia – inherited disorder- blood does not clot properly.
Leukemia – form of cancer in which too many white blood cells are produced.
