chapter 15 respiration and circulation. factors that can alter tissue perfusion cardiovascular...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 15 Respiration and Circulation. Factors That Can Alter Tissue Perfusion Cardiovascular Disease –Arteriosclerotic heart disease, hypertension,](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042616/56649e115503460f94afd00d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 15Respiration and Circulation
Chapter 15Respiration and Circulation
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Factors That Can Alter Tissue PerfusionFactors That Can Alter Tissue Perfusion
• Cardiovascular Disease
– Arteriosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, congestive heart failure, varicosities
• Other Diseases
– Diabetes mellitus, cancer, renal failure
• Blood Dyscrasias
– Anemia, thrombus, transfusion reactions
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Factors That Can Alter Tissue Perfusion (cont.)Factors That Can Alter Tissue Perfusion (cont.)
• Hypotension
– Anaphylactic shock, hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, orthostatic hypotension
• Medication Side Effects
– Antihypertensives, vasodilators, diuretics, antipsychotics
• Other Conditions
– Edema, inflammation, prolonged immobility, hypothermia, malnutrition
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Assessing Tissue CirculationAssessing Tissue Circulation
• Review the individual’s health history.
• Evaluate vital signs.
• Inspect the tissues.
• Note signs or symptoms.
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Indications of Ineffective Tissue PerfusionIndications of Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia; decreased pulse quality
• Claudication
• Edema
• Loss of hair on extremities
• Tissue necrosis; stasis ulcers
• Dyspnea; increased respirations
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Indications of Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (cont.)Indications of Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (cont.)
• Pallor; coolness of skin
• Cyanosis
• Decreased urinary output
• Delirium (altered cognition and level of consciousness)
• Restlessness
• Memory disturbance
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Interventions to Improve Tissue CirculationInterventions to Improve Tissue Circulation
• Maintain blood pressure within an acceptable range.
• Prevent and eliminate sources of pressure on the body.
• Remind or assist patients to change positions frequently.
• Prevent pooling of blood in the extremities.
• Encourage physical activity.
• Prevent hypothermia, maintaining body warmth.
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Interventions to Improve Tissue Circulation (cont.)Interventions to Improve Tissue Circulation (cont.)
• Monitor drugs for the side effect of hypotension.
• Educate to reduce risks.
• Periodically evaluate physical and mental health to identify signs and symptoms of altered tissue perfusion.
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Measures to Prevent Respiratory Infections in Older AdultsMeasures to Prevent Respiratory Infections in Older Adults
• Obtain vaccines.
• Avoid exposure to people with infections.
• Seek medical attention if signs of infection appear.
• Report changes in character of sputum.
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Using Oxygen with the ElderlyUsing Oxygen with the Elderly
• Monitor blood gases.
• Observe the patient for symptoms of carbon dioxide narcosis:
– Confusion
– Muscle twitching
– Visual defects
– Profuse perspiration
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Using Oxygen with the Elderly (cont.)Using Oxygen with the Elderly (cont.)
– Hypotension
– Progressive degrees of circulatory failure
– Cerebral depression
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Interventions for Ineffective Breathing PatternsInterventions for Ineffective Breathing Patterns
• Instruct patient in breathing exercises.
• Control symptoms that could threaten effective respirations.
• Raise head of bed at least 30° when patient is lying down.
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Interventions for Ineffective Breathing Patterns (cont.)Interventions for Ineffective Breathing Patterns (cont.)
• Instruct patient to turn, cough, and deep breathe at least once every 2 hours.
• Monitor rate, depth, and rhythm of respirations; coloring; coughing pattern; blood gases; and mental status.
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SourceSource
• Eliopoulos, C. (2005). Gerontological Nursing, (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins (ISBN 0-7817-4428-8).