chapter 15 systems development. 2 learning objectives when you finish this chapter, you will ...
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Management Information Systems, Second EditionEffy Oz
Chapter 15Chapter 15Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
When you finish this chapter, you will
Understand the systems development life cycle.
Be able to list and explain the pros and cons of prototyping.
Understand how software tools facilitate the monitoring and controlling of systems development.
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Recognize the difficulties involved in systems development.
Be able to list the advantages and disadvantages of different system conversion strategies.
Understand the concept of systems integration.
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Why Develop an IS?Why Develop an IS?
Three phenomenon that trigger IS development
An opportunity (proactive)
A problem (reactive)
A directive
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Figure 15.1 The systems development life cycle
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Analysis
Determines what need the system will satisfy
Investigation Developers interview managers and perspective
users to determine business needs.
Three feasibility studies performed.
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Figure 15.2 Phases in systems analysis
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
The Technical Feasibility Study Ensures hardware and software exist to build
the system
The Economic Feasibility Study Benefits of the system weighed against the cost
The Operational Feasibility Study Determines if system will be used as intended
Requirements Definition Specific requirements of system defined
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Figure 15.3 Estimated benefits and costs of an IS ($)
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Figure 15.4 Phases in systems design
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Design
Logical Design Translation of user requirements into detailed
functions of the system
Physical Design
Construction
Systems Testing
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Figure 15.5 Payroll system development. Using the divide-and-conquer approach, the planned system is broken into hierarchical modules.
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Figure 15.6 A flowchart describing a sales bonus system
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Figure 15.7 Data flow diagram symbols
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Figure 15.8 The sales bonus system: a data flow diagram
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Figure 15.9 Activities in systems implementation
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Implementation
Training
Conversion Parallel Conversion Phased Conversion Cold Turkey Conversion Pilot Conversion
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Figure 15.10 Strategies used to convert from one IS to another
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The Systems Development The Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC)Life Cycle (SLDC)
Support
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PrototypingPrototyping
Systems developed using an iterative rather than a systematic process
Purpose is to develop a working model as quickly as possible, which can be tweaked and revised
Significantly shortens systems development backlog
Can increase risk of incompatibility and other unforeseen mishaps
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PrototypingPrototyping
Figure 15.12 In prototyping, refinement of the system continues until users are satisfied.
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PrototypingPrototyping
Figure 15.13 When to prototype and when not to prototype
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Computer-AidedComputer-AidedSoftware EngineeringSoftware Engineering
Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE tools)
System development programs that ease and speed design and construction of new ISs
Application generators
I-CASE tools
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
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Project ManagementProject ManagementProject Management Tools
Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) PERT chart shows events, required activities, and
relationships Advantage: Communication of interdependencies
among activities
Gantt Chart Represents activities and start and completion times,
but not the relationships among activities Advantage: Simple and linear
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Project ManagementProject Management
Figure 15.14a Project management software allows managers to use both PERT charts (above) and Gantt charts (Figure 15.14b) to control projects.
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Project ManagementProject Management
Figure 15.14b Gantt chart
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Project ManagementProject Management
Figure 15.15 Dimensions of project management
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Project ManagementProject Management
Project Management Goals
Complete the project on time.
Complete the project within budget.
Meet requirements.
Meet expectations.
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Project ManagementProject Management
Figure 15.16 IS development projects: challenges and failures
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Project ManagementProject Management
Project Management Functions
Communication Management
Schedule Management
Quality Management
Financial Management
Resource Management
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Systems DevelopmentSystems DevelopmentLed by End UsersLed by End Users
JAD: An example of User-led Systems Development
Joint Application Development (JAD): method to be used in SDLU
Uses six-step process to take the team through planning and design
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Systems DevelopmentSystems DevelopmentLed by End UsersLed by End Users
Figure 15.17 The six steps of JAD
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Systems DevelopmentSystems DevelopmentLed by End Users Led by End Users
JAD Critical Success Factors
All participants must be committed to JAD process. Customers and IS people must agree on project’s scope. Sponsor must be supportive and involved. Team members must be empowered decision makers. Business objectives must be clearly defined. Business process must be understood. Team members must be able to meet two or more days
per week. Members must be committed to the team.
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Systems IntegrationSystems Integration
Takes a look at the information needs of an entire organization (or a major division)
Analysts integrate existing systems so that:
Data can flow more easily among business units.
Users can access different types of data via a single interface.
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Ethical and Societal IssuesEthical and Societal IssuesShould IS Professionals Be Certified?Should IS Professionals Be Certified?
Malfunctioning ISs
Faulty systems may wreak havoc, causing financial damage or even death
Should IS professionals be certified based on the high investment and risk involved in their work?
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Ethical and Societal IssuesEthical and Societal IssuesShould IS Professionals Be Certified?Should IS Professionals Be Certified?
Certification Pros
Protect potential employers Protect clients of consultants Fewer software-related failures
Certification Cons
Difficult to measure software competence May create a “closed shop:” decreased
competition, decreased incentive to improve skills