chapter 15 the bureaucracy. copyright © 2011 cengage who governs? who governs? 1.what happened to...

Chapter 15Chapter 15The The

BureaucracyBureaucracy

Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage

WHO GOVERNS?WHO GOVERNS?1.1. What happened to make the What happened to make the

bureaucracy a “fourth branch” of bureaucracy a “fourth branch” of American national government?American national government?

2.2. What are the actual size and scope of What are the actual size and scope of the federal bureaucracy?the federal bureaucracy?

TO WHAT ENDS?TO WHAT ENDS?1.1. What should be done to improve What should be done to improve

bureaucratic performance?bureaucratic performance?

2.2. Is “red tape” all bad?Is “red tape” all bad?

Warm-up rand paulWarm-up rand paul

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYiMXzuHO-g

End of filibusterEnd of filibuster


Distinctiveness of the American Distinctiveness of the American Bureaucracy vs Europe Bureaucracy vs Europe

BureaucracyBureaucracy A=Political authority is shared among A=Political authority is shared among

several institutions. several institutions. (Congress/President)(Congress/President)

GB=Authority is passed down by PMGB=Authority is passed down by PM A=Federal government agencies A=Federal government agencies

share functions with state and local share functions with state and local governments.governments.

France=programs deal with France=programs deal with edu./health/housing are centrally runedu./health/housing are centrally run


Comparing Bureaucracies Comparing Bureaucracies

A=“Adversary culture” leads to close A=“Adversary culture” leads to close public scrutiny=expansion of public scrutiny=expansion of personal rights through lawsuits. personal rights through lawsuits. Political actionPolitical action

Ex. Obama health care is in the Ex. Obama health care is in the courts/Sweden it would be courts/Sweden it would be uncontesteduncontested


Proxy GovernmentProxy Government

Voters elect Voters elect legislators who legislators who make laws, but the make laws, but the bureaucrats often bureaucrats often pay other people to pay other people to do the work.do the work.

Ex. State/local Ex. State/local gov/business firmsgov/business firms


When the floodwaters of Hurricane Rita hit Lake Charles, LA, they created a crisis for the federal and state bureaucracies. p. 403

Ric Feld/AP Photo

Teach for America video clipTeach for America video clip

Educating future teachers for needy schools Educating future teachers for needy schools would appear to be a program that everyone would appear to be a program that everyone supports. What is the financial reality of supports. What is the financial reality of Teach for Teach for AmericaAmerica??

How can this program become more effective? How can this program become more effective? Should it be eliminated?Should it be eliminated?

How would you restructure How would you restructure Teach for America Teach for America to to better serve needy communities?better serve needy communities?

Other than the Department of Education, should Other than the Department of Education, should this program have additional oversight?this program have additional oversight?


Proxy GovProxy Gov

Social security, Medicare, military Social security, Medicare, military contractscontracts

Ex. 1Ex. 1stst gulf war 60-1 people worked gulf war 60-1 people worked for gov. vs private contractfor gov. vs private contract

Last Iraq war/ about equalLast Iraq war/ about equal Huricane Katrina (2600 FEMA)/enlist Huricane Katrina (2600 FEMA)/enlist

the help of local groupsthe help of local groups


BlackwaterBlackwater


Prox govProx gov

Critics=system can’t keep track of Critics=system can’t keep track of how much money we send to public how much money we send to public and private agencies is usedand private agencies is used

Defenders=provides more flexibility, Defenders=provides more flexibility, takes advantage of private and takes advantage of private and public skills, federalism principlespublic skills, federalism principles


Billion Dollar fraud videoBillion Dollar fraud video

When fraudulent practices When fraudulent practices associated with a bureaucracy (in associated with a bureaucracy (in this case, Medicare) come to light, this case, Medicare) come to light, who is usually blamed?who is usually blamed?

Should hospitals that overbilled Should hospitals that overbilled Medicare be penalized? How?Medicare be penalized? How?

Is it ethical for whistleblowers to Is it ethical for whistleblowers to receive a financial reward?receive a financial reward?


The Growth of the BureaucracyThe Growth of the Bureaucracy

The Appointment The Appointment of Officialsof Officials

A Service RoleA Service Role A Change in RoleA Change in Role

• Great DepressionGreat Depression• World War IIWorld War II


In the 19In the 19thth century, railroads century, railroads were so important to the were so important to the nation that the Interstate nation that the Interstate Commerce Commission was Commerce Commission was created to regulate their created to regulate their rates. p. 404 rates. p. 404

Bettmann/Corbis

Appointment of officialsAppointment of officials

President appointsPresident appoints But during 19But during 19thth and 20 and 20thth Century Century

Congress was most influentialCongress was most influential Appointments were made on Appointments were made on

patronage/created abusespatronage/created abuses Civil War really expanded the Civil War really expanded the

bureaucracy (needed many gov. bureaucracy (needed many gov. agencies to oversee war effort)agencies to oversee war effort)


Political PatronagePolitical Patronage


A Service RoleA Service Role

1861-1901 200,000 employees were 1861-1901 200,000 employees were added/half were post officeadded/half were post office

Pension office for Civil War veterans, Pension office for Civil War veterans, Dept. Agriculture, labor, commerce, Dept. Agriculture, labor, commerce, etc.etc.

Role was to serve people/not Role was to serve people/not regulate/Why?regulate/Why?

Laissez-faire=freely competitive Laissez-faire=freely competitive economy, little to no gov. controleconomy, little to no gov. control


A change in RoleA change in Role

Today’s Bureaucracy=shaped by Today’s Bureaucracy=shaped by Great Depression/WWIIGreat Depression/WWII

The Gov. was now expected to play The Gov. was now expected to play an active role in dealing with an active role in dealing with economic/social problemseconomic/social problems

WWII 1WWII 1stst time gov. made heavy use time gov. made heavy use of federal income tax ($5 billion-$44 of federal income tax ($5 billion-$44 billion) 16billion) 16thth amendment 1913 amendment 1913 (income tax)(income tax)



Sources: Federal Bureau of Prisons Weekly Population Report and Quick Facts (available at Sources: Federal Bureau of Prisons Weekly Population Report and Quick Facts (available at http://www.bop.gov/locations/weekly_report.jsp; and http://www.bop.gov/news/quick.jsp#5).http://www.bop.gov/locations/weekly_report.jsp; and http://www.bop.gov/news/quick.jsp#5).

The Federal Bureaucracy TodayThe Federal Bureaucracy Today

The power of the bureaucracy is The power of the bureaucracy is measured by the extent of discretionary measured by the extent of discretionary authority (extent that appointed authority (extent that appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of bureaucrats can choose courses of action/make policies not spelled out in action/make policies not spelled out in advance by laws)advance by laws)

Ex. Who can own radio stations/what Ex. Who can own radio stations/what safety features can be on safety features can be on automobiles/what drugs shall appear on automobiles/what drugs shall appear on the market, etc.the market, etc.



Federal employees Federal employees aren’t just paper aren’t just paper shufflers; many, shufflers; many, such as thissuch as thisbiologist, perform biologist, perform skilled professionalskilled professionaltasks. p. 409tasks. p. 409

Pedro Ramirez Jr./NCTC Image Library/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Recruitment and RetentionRecruitment and Retention

Many belong to the competitive Many belong to the competitive service=they were appointed after service=they were appointed after they passed a written examination they passed a written examination by Office of Personnel Management by Office of Personnel Management (OPM) or met certain selection (OPM) or met certain selection criteria (training, edu. Attainments, criteria (training, edu. Attainments, prior experience)prior experience)

Today (hire more people without Today (hire more people without OPM referral) OPM referral)


FBIFBI


Recruitment and Retention Recruitment and Retention

Reason (Pendleton Act 1883) Federal Reason (Pendleton Act 1883) Federal jobs are given based on merit not jobs are given based on merit not patronage /illegal to demote/fire patronage /illegal to demote/fire anyone for political reasonsanyone for political reasons

Written after Pres. Garfield was Written after Pres. Garfield was assassinatedassassinated

Today buddy systemToday buddy system


PolicePolice


Civil Service Reform Act 1978Civil Service Reform Act 1978

Congress recognized that many high-Congress recognized that many high-level positions in civil service have imp. level positions in civil service have imp. Policy making Policy making responsibilities/pres./cabinet officers out responsibilities/pres./cabinet officers out to have more flexibility in recruiting, to have more flexibility in recruiting, assigning, and paying such peopleassigning, and paying such people

8000 people (Senior Executive Service) 8000 people (Senior Executive Service) can be hired, fired, and transferred more can be hired, fired, and transferred more easily than ordinary workerseasily than ordinary workers

Copyright © 2011 CenggeCopyright © 2011 Cengge

The Federal Bureaucracy TodayThe Federal Bureaucracy Today


One barrier to improving presidential control of the federal bureaucracy is that even the White House has become a large bureaucracy. p. 411

Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed by permission.

Iron Triangle Iron Triangle

Relationship between an agency, a Relationship between an agency, a committee, and an interest groupcommittee, and an interest group

Ex. Dept. of Veteran AffairsEx. Dept. of Veteran Affairs The House and Senate committees The House and Senate committees

on veteran’s affairs, veterans‘ on veteran’s affairs, veterans‘ organizations (American Legion) aorganizations (American Legion) a


Figure 15.1 Characteristics of Figure 15.1 Characteristics of Federal Civilian Employees, 1960 Federal Civilian Employees, 1960

and 2005and 2005


Sources: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1961, 392–394; Statistical Abstract of the United States, Sources: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1961, 392–394; Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2009, table 482.2009, table 482.

Congressional OversightCongressional Oversight

Authorization legislation=money Authorization legislation=money must be authorized by must be authorized by Congress/starts in committee (ex. Congress/starts in committee (ex. Agriculture)Agriculture)

Appropriation=money formally set Appropriation=money formally set aside for a specific use) often is less aside for a specific use) often is less than the amount authorizedthan the amount authorized


The Appropriations The Appropriations Committee and Legislative Committee and Legislative

CommitteesCommittees• Trust funds=operate outside gov. Trust funds=operate outside gov.

budget/appropriations committee have budget/appropriations committee have no control over it (ex. Social no control over it (ex. Social security/took in $615 billion/spent $516 security/took in $615 billion/spent $516 billionbillion

• Committee Clearance=congress can Committee Clearance=congress can review/approve agency decision without review/approve agency decision without passing a lawpassing a law


Legislative VetoLegislative Veto

For many decades, Congress used this For many decades, Congress used this to control President/bureaucratic to control President/bureaucratic actionsactions

It is a requirement that an executive It is a requirement that an executive decision must lie before Congress for decision must lie before Congress for a specified period (usually 30-90 days) a specified period (usually 30-90 days) before it takes effect/Congress could before it takes effect/Congress could veto it if a resolution of disapproval veto it if a resolution of disapproval passed by either house or both housepassed by either house or both house


Congressional InvestigationsCongressional Investigations

Not mentioned in Not mentioned in Constitution/instead inferred powerConstitution/instead inferred power

Congress may compel a person to Congress may compel a person to attend an investigation by issuing a attend an investigation by issuing a subpoenasubpoena


Bureaucratic PathologiesBureaucratic Pathologies

ComplaintsComplaints Red Tape=complex Red Tape=complex

rules/procedures that rules/procedures that must be done must be done

ConflictConflict DuplicationDuplication ImperialismImperialism WasteWaste


At the world’s busiest border crossing, cars line up to enter the United States in Tijuana, Mexico. p. 420

David McNew/Getty Images

ConflictConflict

Exists because some agencies seem Exists because some agencies seem to be working at cross-purposes with to be working at cross-purposes with other agenciesother agencies

Ex. Agricultural stabilization and Ex. Agricultural stabilization and Conservation service pays farmers to Conservation service pays farmers to grow fewer cropsgrow fewer crops


DuplicationDuplication

Two government agencies seem to Two government agencies seem to be doing the same thingbe doing the same thing

Ex. Border patrol/DEA both attempt Ex. Border patrol/DEA both attempt to intercept illegal drugsto intercept illegal drugs


ImperialismImperialism

Tendency of agencies to grow Tendency of agencies to grow without regard to the benefits that without regard to the benefits that their programs or costs they entailtheir programs or costs they entail


WasteWaste

Spending more than its necessary to Spending more than its necessary to buy some product or servicebuy some product or service

Ex. $90 for a nailEx. $90 for a nail


Reforming the BureaucracyReforming the Bureaucracy

The Brownlow Commission (1936-The Brownlow Commission (1936-1937) recommended giving Pres. 1937) recommended giving Pres. More assistantsMore assistants

The First Hoover Commission (1947-The First Hoover Commission (1947-1949)=suggested ways to improve 1949)=suggested ways to improve top-level managementtop-level management

The Ash Council (1969-1971)=called The Ash Council (1969-1971)=called for consolidating existing agencies for consolidating existing agencies into a few big “super departments”into a few big “super departments”


National Performance ReviewNational Performance Review

Al Gore latest=emphasized customer Al Gore latest=emphasized customer satisfaction.satisfaction.

Government Performance and Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) 1993=agencies Results Act (GPRA) 1993=agencies must set goals, measure must set goals, measure performance, and report the resultsperformance, and report the results

Performance Assessment Rating Tool Performance Assessment Rating Tool (PART)=link management reform to (PART)=link management reform to the budget processthe budget process


MEMORANDUMMEMORANDUM

To: To: Dr. Robert Smith, president of CybersystemsDr. Robert Smith, president of Cybersystems

EngineeringEngineering

From: From: James Logan, secretary of defenseJames Logan, secretary of defense

Subject: Subject: Becoming an assistant secretary of defenseBecoming an assistant secretary of defense

As both secretary and a dear old college buddy of yours, I write again As both secretary and a dear old college buddy of yours, I write again to express my hope that you will accept the president’s call to to express my hope that you will accept the president’s call to service. We all desperately want you aboard. Yes, conflict-of-interest service. We all desperately want you aboard. Yes, conflict-of-interest laws will require you to sell your stock in your present company and laws will require you to sell your stock in your present company and drop out of its generous pension plan. No, the government won’t drop out of its generous pension plan. No, the government won’t even pay moving costs. And once you leave office, you will be even pay moving costs. And once you leave office, you will be barred for life from lobbying the executive branch on matters in barred for life from lobbying the executive branch on matters in which you were directly involved while in office, and you will be which you were directly involved while in office, and you will be barred for two years from lobbying on matters that were under your barred for two years from lobbying on matters that were under your general official authority. Your other concerns have teeth, too, but general official authority. Your other concerns have teeth, too, but let me help you weigh your options.let me help you weigh your options.


WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

Arguments for:Arguments for:

1. I hate to preach, but it is one’s duty to serve one’s country 1. I hate to preach, but it is one’s duty to serve one’s country when called. Your sacrifice would honor your family and when called. Your sacrifice would honor your family and benefit your fellow Americans for years to come.benefit your fellow Americans for years to come.

2. As an accomplished professional and the head of a 2. As an accomplished professional and the head of a company that has done business with the government, you company that has done business with the government, you could help the president succeed in reforming the could help the president succeed in reforming the department so that it works better and costs less.department so that it works better and costs less.

3. Despite the restrictions, you could resume your career once 3. Despite the restrictions, you could resume your career once your public service was complete.your public service was complete.



Arguments against:Arguments against:

1. Since you will have to be confirmed by the Senate, your life 1. Since you will have to be confirmed by the Senate, your life will be put under a microscope, and everything (even some will be put under a microscope, and everything (even some of our old college mischief together) will be fair game for of our old college mischief together) will be fair game for congressional staffers and reporters.congressional staffers and reporters.

2. You will face hundreds of rules telling you what you can’t do 2. You will face hundreds of rules telling you what you can’t do and scores of congressmen telling you what you should do. and scores of congressmen telling you what you should do. Old friends will get mad at you for not doing them favors. Old friends will get mad at you for not doing them favors. The president will demand loyalty. The press will pounce on The president will demand loyalty. The press will pounce on your every mistake, real or imagined.your every mistake, real or imagined.

3. Given the federal limits on whom in the government you 3. Given the federal limits on whom in the government you can deal with after you leave office, your job at can deal with after you leave office, your job at Cybersystems may well suffer.Cybersystems may well suffer.



Your decision:Your decision:

Accept position?Accept position?

Reject position?Reject position?



chapter 15 the bureaucracy. copyright © 2011 cengage who governs? who governs? 1.what happened to...

Documents

cengage slide

bureaucracy slide

blackwater slide

uncontested copyright

federal bureaucracy

ric feldap photo slide

political authority

dyimxzuhog http