chapter 15 - the old south - weebly
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 15
The Old South
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I. The Old South
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A. The Old South Southern Mythology
a. Paternalistic (male-dominating) planter-class
b. Family-oriented slavery
c. Plantation life in the South
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B. Explanations of Distinctiveness Geography & Weather
Human Factors
a. Biracial population
b. Farming
c. Belief in a distinct culture
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B. Explanations of Distinctiveness
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C. Agriculture
Staple Crops
a. Tobacco, indigo, rice, sugar, and hemp
Self—sufficient General Farming
Economic Worries
a. Soil Exhaustion
b. Agricultural Diversification
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D. Manufacturing & Trade
Decline in Manufacturing
a. Tredegar Iron Works (Richmond, Virginia)
b. Efforts to end southern dependence of northern
products
Calls for Diversification
Explanations for the Lack of Development
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D. Manufacturing & Trade (Cont’d . . . )
Explanations for the Lack of Development
a. Belief in Black inferiority to work in factories
b. Old South view disdain for northern industry
c. Cavalier attitude (Lordly Manor)
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II. White Society in the
South
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A. Plantations The Planter
a. Concept of “King Cotton” prevailed in society
b. One in thirty (4% of population) was considered a
planter in 1860.
c. Support of the “natural aristocracy”
d. Attitude of slave owner (not slave codes) guided the
quality of life on the plantation
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A. Plantations The Planter Mistress
a. Supervised the domestic household
b. Double-standard in southern society
c. Did not challenge the system and order of things
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B. The Middle Class Largest Group (Yeoman Farmers)
Style of Living
a. Independent and suspicious of government
b. Jacksonian Democrats
c. Supported slave system (economically)
d. Lived in small houses (mostly cabins)
e. Men worked outside, women inside
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C. Poor Whites Characteristics
a. Hunted and fished
b. Dietary deficiencies
c. Nicknamed “dirt eaters”
Health
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D. Culture of Honor & Violence Code of Honor (Chivalry of the Gentile Class)
Outlets in Popular Rituals
a. Manliness
b. Duels
c. Gambling
d. Horse racing
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III. African Americans in
the Old South
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A. Background of Slavery Economic Necessity
a. Indentured Servant status (Pre-Revolution)
b. “Peculiar Institution”
Numbers
a. 1790 – 700,000 slaves
b. 1860 – 4 million slaves
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B. Free Persons of Color
Legal Status
Mulattoes (1860 – 10% of Black population)
Free Persons of “Color” (treated like a
separate class)
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C. Slave Trade
End of the African Slave Trade (1808)
Domestic Trade (Cotton Demand Increased)
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D. Plantation Slavery Jobs
a. Household servants
b. Skilled jobs (smiths, tanners, carpenters, etc.)
c. Field workers
General Conditions
a. Houses were one-room wooden shacks
b. Work from dawn to dusk
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E. Slave Women
Value of Reproduction
Work (Mild to Intense Labor)
Threat of Sexual Abuse
Opportunity to Escape
Celia (Accused, Tried, & Hanged)
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F. Slave Resistance
Denmark Vessey
a. Slave revolt in Charlestown (1822 )
b. Plot discovered before carried out
b. Resulted in the death of 35 slaves
Nat Turner
Sabotage
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F. Slave Resistance (Cont’d . . .) Nat Turner
a. Slave Insurrection
(1831)
b. Fifty-five whites killed
(adults and children)
c. Slaves were killed and
hanged after revolt
Sabotage
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G. The Slave Community
Diversity
a. Multiple languages, customs (ex. Gullahs of South
Carolina).
b. Adapted to slave culture
Cohesion & Pride
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H. Slave Religion & Folklore
African & Christian Elements
Use of Religion
Uses of Folklore, Dance, & Song
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I. The Slave Family
Marriage (No Legal Status)
Importance of Nuclear Family
Exploitation of Slaves
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IV. The Old Southwest
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A. Description of the Old Southwest States
a. Tennessee, Kentucky, Florida, Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas.
b. Not settled until 1820 (Agriculturally-based)
c. Migration brought a new culture to the region.
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B. Migration Reasons to Migrate
a. Depressed prices and soil exhaustion
b. Self-made men (became self-reliant)
Women Underrepresented
Reactions of Slaves
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B. Migration (Cont’d) Nature of Journey
a. Alabama, Mississippi, and western Tennessee
became destinations
b. Cotton prices rose in 1830s (glut by
1836—37)
c. More unhealthy than Piedmont coastal plains
d. Not many comforts
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C. Masculine Culture Culture
a. Indulgent activities of males (gambling, drinking,
fighting).
b. Violence and alcoholism
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V. Antislavery
Movements
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A. Early Opponents of Slavery
Criticism (Both North & South)
American Colonization Society (est. 1817)
a. Established Liberia (Africa) in 1822
b. Migration of 15,000 free blacks (1860).
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B. Movement Toward Abolitionism
From Gradualism to Immediatism
William Lloyd Garrison
a. Pacifist Bostonian abolitionist
b. The Liberator
c. Established the new
England Antislavery Society
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B. Movement Toward Abolitionism(Cont’d . . .)
New England Antislavery Society
a. Established by Garrison and his followers in 1831.
American Antislavery Society
a. Established in 1833 by Arthur and Lewis Tappan.
b. Used moral persuasion
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C. Splits in Abolitionism
Radical v. Reformer
Role of Women
a. Sarah & Angelina Grimke (Sisters who were
members of a southern slave-holding family)
b. Issues between moderates and radical women’s rights
leaders.
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D. Black Abolitionists Critical of White Abolition Efforts
Frederick Douglass
a. Runaway slave from Maryland
b. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845).
c. North Star
d. Great public orator and writer
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D. Black Abolitionists (Cont’d . . .)
Sojourner Truth
a. Born to slaves in New York (freed, 1828)
b. Fought the “peculiar institution”
c. Authored “Ain’t I a Women?”
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D. Black Abolitionists (Cont’d . . .)Frederick Douglass
Sojourner Truth
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E. Reaction to Antislavery Movement
Hostility
“Gag Rule” in Congress (1836—1844)
Development of Liberty Party (Formed, 1840)
Defenses of Slavery
a. Compared to Northern Industry
b. Inferiority of Blacks
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Making Connections – Topic15
The abolition movement never represented
the majority of northerners. As Topic16
shows, however, by the end of the 1850s, most
voters in the North supported the idea of
limiting the expansion of slavery westward, if
not the abolition of it in the Southern states.
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Making Connections – Topic 15
The Civil War brought great changes to
southerners, both black and white. Topic17
describes the effect of the war on southern
society.
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Making Connections – Topic 15
There are striking contrasts between the
“Old South” of this chapter and the New
South of Topic19.