chapter 15-vilnius & peru and colombia (venkata, kamran, daniel)

7/31/2019 Chapter 15-Vilnius & Peru and Colombia (Venkata, Kamran, Daniel)

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By: Venkata Paruchuri, KamranShirazi, and Daniel Winget


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We will first deal with all the issues on Vilniusand conflicts regarding it.

Then we will deal with conflicts among

Colombia and Peru.


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Vilnius is in present day Lithuania, is in closeproximity to Poland who Lithuania will haveconflict with.


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Poland and Lithuania both felt that they hadrights to the claim of Vilnius.

Poland conducted an Operation under

General Lucjan Zeligowski. This operation wasa ploy by the Polish Chief of State JozefPilsudski in order to annex Vilnius later on.This created a conflict that the League of

Nations tried to stop.


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Poland and Lithuania were long-timeneighbors that eventually formed one singlestate through the Lublin Union of 1569 called

the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This commonwealth was created to protect

them from Russia

During this time period many people fromboth states migrated into the others.


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The commonwealth ended in 1795.

This was due to a failed uprising of thecommonwealth against Russia.

Thus, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitionedthe commonwealth, and a large amount of thecommonwealth was transferred to Russia.


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The Polish people (poles) tried to break thepartitions they were given since thecommonwealth broke, and get rid of Russian

influence. They were unhappy with their territory they

had been given and this later impacted theirfeud with Lithuania about Vilnius.

They gained their independence in November11, 1918.


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Lithuania struggled to remove Russianinfluence similar to Poland, and had a longseries of irrelevant conflicts with other nations

until Lithuanian Independence in February16th, 1918 (during WWI).

Vilnius was then made the capital of the newnation, as it had historically been since 1323

(first written record, but it was probably capitallong before)


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However, during the new era of independenceLithuania had been in dispute with the othercountries surrounding it, Poland and Germany.


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Poland and Russia were at war since 1919, andRussia used the Vilnius region to attack thepoles and keep troops.

After Russia was defeated, it gave the Vilniusregion back to Lithuania.

By this point, Lithuania and Poland both feltthey had claims to the region. This is becauseduring the commonwealth era a large amountof poles migrated to the Vilnius region andsituated there.


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He was the chief of state, and wanted toacquire a lot of territory to increase their sphereof influence and form relations between Poland

and other neighboring countries includingLithuania.

He knew that the Entente and other nationswould probably give the Vilnius region to

Lithuania so he concocted a plan to take itback.


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Pilsudski ordered general Lucjan Zeligowski tocarry out a mutiny to attack and take over theVilnius region.

At this point, Zeligowski was told to desert thepolish army along with his forces, then thisway when he attacked the Vilnius region,Poland can say they had no interference with

the plan.

Later on Pilsudski would find a way to absorbVilnius.


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Zeligowski did not tell his men he was actingunder Pilsudskis orders, but told them aboutthe mutiny. He thought he was doing this to

better both countries. Their was a lot of disagreement among some of

his troops of carrying this plan out, but mosteventually agreed.


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Zeligowskis army was numerically bigger andmore experienced than the Lithuanian soldiers.

They also received support from a majority of

the poles in Vilnius. The Lithuanians were unable to defend Vilnius,

and most of the army abandoned the city. Thearmy eventually took the city, welcomed by alarge amount of poles there.


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Zeligowski created what is known as theRepublic of Central Lithuania, with Vilnius asthe capital. Poland heavily supported the

region. Zeligowski planned to advance further into

Lithuania, and he eventually called for someceasefires which Lithuania ignored.


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The League of Nations asked Zeligowski towithdraw from attack and negotiate withLithuania.

He ignored the League of Nations (typical),and kept attacking.

Both Lithuanias army and Zeligowskis armywere tired from battle, and the League ofNations called for a ceasefire to be negotiated.


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The ceasefire started on November 21st , 1922

The Lithuanians kept attacking after theceasefire was called and got back a lot of their

territory including Giedraiciai. They finallystopped after the League of Nations told themonce more.

A truce between the two armies was formed onNovember 29th.


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They honestly did not do much to start theceasefire, because both sides were tired.

The helped a little by stopping Lithuanias

violation of the ceasefire. The truce had relatively little influence by the

League of nations, and most of their influencein the conflict was futile.

Thus, Their influence in this conflict could beconsidered a failure.


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The Vilnius region later on went from being apart of Central Lithuania, to the WilnoVovoidship after being annexed by Poland,

and later on went back to Lithuania.


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As we know, in 1821, Peru fought forindependence while Colombia gain theirs thesame year

After independence, there have been numerousland disputes in new Granada, especially forthe countries borders

In 1922, Peru and Columbia sign the Treaty ofSalomon Lozano, which dictated the bordersbetween Colombia and Peru


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People were irate with the high sugar tariffs

Breaking of the Salomon Lozano Treaty

Basically

Mercantilism, Nationalism, and Militarism are keycauses of the Columbian and Peru conflict of 1932-1933


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Because of both Salomon Lozano Treaty andthe tariffs on sugar, the Peruvian civilians werequite aggravated and they started an

insurrection Capture city of

Iquitos, which is the largest populated city in Peru

Then these guerrilla forces began to spread

within both Peru and Columbia territories:includingsuch as Leticia and Tarapaca


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RegionLeticia


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the Peruvian President, Luis Miguel Sanchez,sent troops to Leticia because he was trying tobe nice

He truly believed that the Colombians were a groupof weaklings who couldnt deal with a group ofguerilla forces

This action broke the conditions set by theSalomon Lozano treaty, making it null andvoid


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Now, due to President Sanchez actions,Columbian War Hawks called to arms. Bythe end of September 1932 and ended at , both

countries were mobilizing their militaries andwar broke, undeclared, within the northernAmazon territory

On a side note, the Peruvian Columbian war of

1932-1933 was the first moment where aerialcombat took place


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April 30, President Sanchez was thenassassinate right after he had just finishedcreating an army of twenty thousand troops,

thus ending the war Killed by a group known as the APRA, which stands

for the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana

Thus ending the war


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Oscar Benavides then succeeded PresidentSanchez,

Both Columbia and Peru met at Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil agreed to end conflict They signed Rio de Janeiro Protocol

Which also reinforced the Salomon Lozano Treaty


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In this particular event the League of Nationssucceeded in the prevention of a war betweenPeru and Columbia over territorial disputes inthe upper Amazon basin

In 1922 the Salomn-Lozano Treaty was signedto bring an end to the numerous borderdisputes between Columbia and Peru

In this treaty the city Leticia and surroundingarea formerly Peruvian land was granted toColumbia which gave Columbia access to theAmazon river


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When Peruvian business owners from therubber and sugar industries lost land as a resultof the treaty, they organized militias to take

back Leticia Initially the Peruvian government did not

support the military take over of Leticia by themilitias but eventually the Peruvian military

occupied Leticia which caused a conflictbetween the two nations


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Months of pointless diplomacy passed untilfinally the two countries allowed the League ofNations to mediate the dispute and presented

each countries case to the League of Nationscouncil

In May 1933 a peace agreement was signedbetween both countries while the League of

Nations occupied Leticia as negotiationsoccurred.


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In May 1934 a final peace agreement wassigned and Leticia was returned to Columbia

Peru apologized to Columbia for the invasion

of Leticia in 1932 The territory was demilitarized and free

navigation was granted on the Amazon andPutumayo rivers

Both countries also took a pledge of non-aggression towards each other


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http://www.jstor.org/pss/2191055 http://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_historia/07_otros_hec

hos_historicos/0210_guerra_peru.html http://www.photius.com/countries/colombia/national_security/colom

bia_national_security_the_leticia_conflict.html http://www.adonde.com/presidentes/1930sanchezcerro.htm

http://www.iquitos.info/ http://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-

free "Vilnius Dispute (European History) -- Britannica Online

Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 25 Oct.2011. .

http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/polish.html

http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/poland.htm
http://www.jstor.org/pss/2191055http://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_historia/07_otros_hechos_historicos/0210_guerra_peru.htmlhttp://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_historia/07_otros_hechos_historicos/0210_guerra_peru.htmlhttp://www.photius.com/countries/colombia/national_security/colombia_national_security_the_leticia_conflict.htmlhttp://www.photius.com/countries/colombia/national_security/colombia_national_security_the_leticia_conflict.htmlhttp://www.adonde.com/presidentes/1930sanchezcerro.htmhttp://www.iquitos.info/http://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://www.scaruffi.com/politics/polish.htmlhttp://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/poland.htmhttp://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/poland.htmhttp://www.scaruffi.com/politics/polish.htmlhttp://www.scaruffi.com/politics/polish.htmlhttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://drpinna.com/commods-drop-your-rifle-and-run-11694/sugar-freehttp://www.iquitos.info/http://www.adonde.com/presidentes/1930sanchezcerro.htmhttp://www.photius.com/countries/colombia/national_security/colombia_national_security_the_leticia_conflict.htmlhttp://www.photius.com/countries/colombia/national_security/colombia_national_security_the_leticia_conflict.htmlhttp://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_historia/07_otros_hechos_historicos/0210_guerra_peru.htmlhttp://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_historia/07_otros_hechos_historicos/0210_guerra_peru.htmlhttp://www.jstor.org/pss/2191055

chapter 15-vilnius & peru and colombia (venkata, kamran, daniel)

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