chapter 16 500-1500 chapter 16 500-1500 early human migrations
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 16
500-1500
Chapter 16
500-1500
Early Human Early Human MigrationsMigrations
North American Societies
Section 1
Pgs. 440-445
North Am. Vs. South Am..
Less developed than MesoAmericaNo great empiresLeft few ruinsBUT:They created complex societiesLong-distance tradeConstruct magnificent buildings
4 different groups in N.Am:
1. Pacific Northwest2. Pueblo builders (Southwest)3. Mound Builders (Great Plains)4. Northeastern Tribes
1. Pacific Northwest
From Oregon to AlaskaImportant resources: Sea (whales), Coastal
forest(plentiful food)Differences in $$Wealth = Social Structure
– POTLACH– elaborate ceremony to show off rank & prosperity; give food, drink, etc.
2. Pueblo Builders (Southwest)
Harsher environment: dry, desertBUT they farmed…Used IRRIGATION to make corn, beans,
squashUsed potteryANASAZI (NC)-- Pueblos
“Anasazi” (NC) Who: Native Americans in Southwest USWhat: Group of Native Americans that built
impressive cliff dwellings on top of mesas(flat-topped hills) or in walls of canyons
Where: 4 corners of US: Utah, Arizona, Colorado, & New Mexico
When:Why: construction showed high degree of social
organization & inventiveness; were abandoned around 1200 from drought
3. Mound Builders (Great Plains)
Environment: Woodlands east of Mississippi River
700 BCE: The Adena made huge earthen mounds to bury dead
500 CE: Hopewell made larger and more plentiful mounds
Mississippian (NC) …Earthen Pyramids
“Mississippian” (NC)
Who: Native American Moundbuilders What: Moundbuilders; group of Native
Americans that created thriving villages based on farming & trade
Where: Mississippi, North AmericaWhen: 800-1500 CEWhy Imp: built mounds to bury their dead in; the
heart of the community was a 100-ft. high earthen pyramid with a wooden temple
4. Northeastern Tribes
Environment: WoodlandsTribes clashed over lands = Political alliances
to protect landBest ex: Iroquois (NC)…
“Iroquois” (NC) pg 444Who: Northeastern Native AmericansWhat: a group of tribes that spoke related
languages that formed the Iroquois League to protect land
Where: Northeast- Upper New York, Great Lakes Region
When: late 1500sWhy imp: they are the best example of a
political alliance to protect land in the NE.
Cultural Connections among N. Am. Societies (what they all had in common)Political:
– Iroquois Alliance– alliances of tribes that protected land from other tribes
Economic: – Traded–
• large trade networks along rivers & across the plains
Cultural: – Similar religious beliefs–
• belief in nature spirits– these ‘spirits’ gave rituals & customs to guide the Native Ams.
• Relig. Belief: Great respect for the land as the source of life
– Shared Social Patterns– • Family- basis for social org.
• Use of Totems: symbol of unity of a group or clan; used them in rituals or dances for imp events
Origins of the Origins of the Peoples of the Peoples of the Americas?Americas?
Origins of the Origins of the Peoples of the Peoples of the Americas?Americas?
Sculpture from the Sculpture from the AmericasAmericas
Major Pre-Columbian Major Pre-Columbian CivilizationsCivilizations
Section 2:
Maya- Brain Pop
Lands of the Lands of the MayansMayans
The The Yucatan Yucatan
PeninsulaPeninsula
The The Yucatan Yucatan
PeninsulaPeninsula
Environment
Highland region South Cool, cloud-wreathed
mountains from S. Mexico to El Salvador
Lowland region North Dry scrub forest of Yucatan
Peninsula Dense, steamy jungles of
Southeastern Mexico
Urban (city) centersBuilt spectacular cities: Tikal, Copan,
Palenque, etc. – Independent city-state– Ruled by a god-king– Served as center for religious ceremonies & trade
Monumental architecture:– Giant pyramids– Temples– Palaces– Elaborate stone carvings dedicated to the gods
Overview of Tikal Overview of Tikal (Guatemala)(Guatemala)Temple of the MasksTemple of the MasksTemple of the MasksTemple of the Masks
Tikal:Tikal:
Temple Temple of the of the MasksMasks
Chichen-Itza - Chichen-Itza - PyramidPyramid
Chichen-Itza - Chichen-Itza - ObservatoryObservatory
Chichen-Itza - Ball Chichen-Itza - Ball CourtCourt
Economy…
Linked through alliances & trade– Local products: Salt, flint, feathers, shells, honey– Craft goods: cotton textiles, jade– Cacao beans (chocolate) = currency!!!
Agriculture = basis of Maya life – (all MesoAmerica)– Slash-and-Burn agriculture
Farming = $wealth$ = Social structure…
Mayan Mayan Cultivation Cultivation of of
MaizeMaize
Chac, God of Rain Chac, God of Rain -->-->
Chac, God of Rain Chac, God of Rain -->-->
Mayan Drinking Mayan Drinking Cup for ChocolateCup for Chocolate
Mayan Underground Mayan Underground Granaries: Granaries: ChultunesChultunes
Social Structure:Maya King–
regarded as holy, hereditary
Religion…Influenced most aspects of Maya life…Polytheistic good vs. evil gods: corn, death, rain, war4 directions & colors:
– North:White– South: Yellow– East: Red– West: Black
Worship:– Pray & make offering– Pierced & cut their bodies– Human sacrifice– usually captured enemies
Tikal - Wall Mask of Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain Godthe Rain God
Achievements:Mathematics:
– Astronomy– Concept of zero: precise calculations = – 260-day religious Calendar; 365-day solar calendar– Base-20 number system
Written language– Most advanced writing system in ancient Americas– Glyphs (NC)– Codex (NC)– Popol Vuh- most famous Maya history book
Mayan Mayan GlyphsGlyphs
Mayan Mayan MathematicsMathematics
sky king house child citysky king house child city sky king house child citysky king house child city
Mayan Mayan GlyphsGlyphs
What: 800 hieroglyphic symbols; Mayan writing system
Where: Maya, MexicoWhen: Why imp: used this to record historical events
Who: Mayans
“Codex” (NC)
Who: (you should know it)What: bark-paper historical book that had
important events that happened to the MayansWhere:(you should know it)When: Why imp: only 3 of these have survived– this
tells us about the ancient Mayan civilization
“Maya” (NC) – (you need to figure this one out…) Who:What:Where:When:Why imp:
PakalPakal: The Maya : The Maya AstronautAstronaut
Section 3:
Lands of the Lands of the AztecsAztecs
The beginning, BEFORE the Aztecs:Teotihuacan (“City of the Gods”)- 1st major
civilization of central Mexico (just outside Mexico city today)
Center of thriving trade network that extended far into Central America– Most valuable item: OBSIDIAN (NC)
Grew for centuries- then ABRUPTLY declined– Invasion? – Conflict among ruling classes?
….then came the “Toltecs”
New warlike group of people that ruled for 300yrs over Central Mexico (900-1200)
Built pyramids & temples; tall pillars for warriorsBased on conquestHuman sacrifice of captured prisoners of warNew leader wanted:
– No more sacrifice– Worship a new god…
Quetzalcoatl: The God of Wisdom The God of Wisdom
& Learning& LearningWhat: god of the Toltecs; Focused on Wisdom & Learning NOT war!
When: 1000 CEWhere: Central Mexico
Why: The new Toltec leader Wanted them to worship him = followers of War god rebelled= downfall of Toltecs= Coming of the AZTECS!
…and finally- The Aztecs!!(NC)Who: “’the Mexica”; a poor, nomadic people
from harsh deserts of N. Mexico What: they created the Aztec Empire, one of the
greatest in Ancient America Where: Northern MexicoWhen:1200- Why imp: the greatest empire of Mesoamerica;
based empire on military conquest; sacrificed war captives; Tenochtitlán was the capital
Aztec View of Aztec View of TenochtitlanTenochtitlan
Ruins of the City Ruins of the City Center, TenochtitlanCenter, Tenochtitlan
Tenochtitlan: The Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the “Venice” of the
AmericasAmericas
Aztec Aztec ChinampaChinampa or or Floating Garden:Floating Garden:
15ft. to 30ft. wide15ft. to 30ft. wide
Tenochtitlan - Tenochtitlan - ChinampasChinampas
“Triple Alliance” (NC)
Who: AztecsWhat: a political alliance between Aztec
&Texcoco & Tlacopan to help build the empire larger
Where: Northern MexicoWhen: 1428Why: became the leading power & gained
control over neighboring regions– made Aztec Empire big and powerful
Aztec MathAztec Math
Aztec WritingAztec Writing
Aztec Sun Stone -- Aztec Sun Stone -- CalendarCalendar
Aztec Sun MotifsAztec Sun Motifs
Aztec Aztec CodexCodex (15c Manuscript)(15c Manuscript)
The The Aztecs Aztecs WereWereFierce Fierce WarriorsWarriors
Aztecs Sacrifice Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes Neighboring Tribes to the Sun Godto the Sun God
Heart SacrificeHeart Sacrificeon an Aztec Temple on an Aztec Temple
PyramidPyramid
Wall of Skulls, Wall of Skulls, TenochtitlanTenochtitlan
Sacrificial Statue, Sacrificial Statue, TenochtitlanTenochtitlan
Aztec GoldAztec Gold
“Montezuma II” (NC)
Who: last Emperor of AztecsWhat: He weakened the Aztec EmpireWhere: Aztec Empire, Northern MexicoWhen: 1503- Why: Aztec Empire declined under him = He
asked for more sacrifice victims = people were mad & rebelled = they were very weak = Spanish came and took over!! = no more Aztecs!
Section 4:
Lands of the Lands of the IncasIncas
“Pachacuti” (NC)
Who: Incan rulerWhat: powerful & ambitious, he took the
Incan throne & made the Incan Empire greatWhen: 1438Where: Incan Empire, Peru, So. Am. Why: He conquered all of Peru for the Incans
and established a gov’t & made the Incan Empire great and Extensive- (large)
Cuzco: ACuzco: Ancient Capital ncient Capital of the Incaof the Inca
(11,000 ft. above sea level)(11,000 ft. above sea level)
Machu PicchuMachu Picchu
Machu PicchuMachu Picchu
Things that unified the Incans:Rulers divided their territory & its people into
manageable units, governed by a central bureaucracy (gov’t)
Created an efficient economic system to support the empire- little freedom in trading– the gov’t controlled it all (Econ)
Created an extensive road system to tie it together. (Road system)
Single official language: Quechua Founded schools to teach Incan ways.
“Allyu” (NC)Who: Incans What: An age-old form of community cooperation;
extended family groupWhere: Incan Empire, Peru, S. Am. When:Why: Incan social system was based on this;
Undertook tasks too big for a single family: build irrigation; turned into a governing system based on decimal system in order to organize people
“Mita” (NC) Who: IncansWhat: The Incan gov’t demanded the people pay
tribute in the form of laborWhere: Incan Empire, Peru, S. Am. When: Why: It required all able-bodied citizens to work for
the state a certain number of days every year. They worked on farmlands, produced craft goods for state warehouses, or help with public works projects. Similar to Communism.
Incan Suspension Bridges
Incan Suspension Bridges
Incan Terrace Incan Terrace FarmingFarming
Incan Digging Incan Digging SticksSticks
Maize in Incan Maize in Incan PotteryPottery
& Gold Work& Gold Work
Over 100 Different Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Types of Potatoes
Cultivated Cultivated by the Incansby the Incans
Produce from a Produce from a Typical Incan Typical Incan Market Market
Incan Ceramic JarsIncan Ceramic Jars
PeanutPeanutPeanutPeanut PotatoPotatoPotatoPotato SquashSquashSquashSquash
Cacao Cacao GodGod
Cacao Cacao GodGod
Cacao PodCacao PodCacao PodCacao Pod
“Quipu” (NC)
Who: IncansWhat: set of knotted strings used to record dataWhere: Incan Empire, today Peru. South Am. When: 1200-1500sWhy: helped the Incans keep records for
government and history by counting
The The QuipuQuipu: : An Incan An Incan DatabaseDatabase
Incan MummiesIncan Mummies
Inca Gold & SilverInca Gold & Silver
“Inca” (NC)
Who: IncansWhat: the largest empire in the AmericasWhere: “Valley of Cuzco”, Peru, Andes
Mountains, South AmericaWhen: 1200s-1500sWhy: built a powerful and extensive empire in
South America- the largest empire ever seen in the Americas; Model for later Communist governments;