chapter 16
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Chapter 16. The Federal Courts. Article III of the Constitution. Section 1. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 16
The Federal Courts
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Article III of the ConstitutionSection 1.• The judicial power of the United States, shall
be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
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Criminal vs. Civil Law
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Criminal vs. Civil Law
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The Judiciary• Passive: litigants bring cases to court• Decides cases & controversies:
> not hypotheticals• “Standing to Sue”: litigant must have a ‘serious
interest’ in a case– Have sustained, or are immediate danger of
sustaining, a direct and substantial injury• Class Action suit: small number of litigants
suing on behalf of all other similar people• Disputes must be justiciable: capable of being
settled by legal means
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Actors in the Judicial System
• Lawyers
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Litigants
“The houses of lawyers are roofed with the skins of litigants”
(proverb)
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Groups
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When not directly finding good cases and good litigants to sponsor, groups may support litgants via amicus curiae (“friend of the court”) briefs
> > > attempt to influence by argument, information, and new perspective/points-of-view
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Judiciary Act of 1789
• Established lower courts• Constitutional vs. Legislative courts• Original vs. Appellate jurisdiction• 91 federal District Courts• 12 federal Courts of Appeal• 1 Supreme Court (SCOTUS)
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SCOTUS
• Resolve conflicts between States• Maintain national supremacy in the law• Ensure uniformity in interpretation of federal
law• 9 Justices (8 Associates and 1 Chief Justice)– Last change in number was under Ulysses S. Grant
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• John G. Roberts, Jr., 2005 c
– Chief Justice of the United States• Antonin Scalia, 1986 c
• Anthony M. Kennedy, 1988 m/sv*
• Clarence Thomas, 1991 c
• Ruth Bader Ginsburg, 1993 l
• Stephen G. Breyer, 1994 l
• Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr., 2006 c
• Sonia Sotomayor, 2009 l
• Elena Kagan, 2010 l[six male and three female justices. One justice is African American, one is Latino, and
two are Italian-Americans; six justices are Roman Catholics, and three are Jewish. The average age= 68 years, and every current justice has an Ivy League
background. Four justices are from the state of New York, two from New Jersey, two from California, and one from Georgia.]