chapter 16 beneath the exterior of leading european power, discontent was growing within french...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 16
• Beneath the exterior of leading European power, discontent was growing within French society among the aristocracy and the middle class, both of which wanted more rights and political power, and a long-suffering peasantry.
“A Great Ferment:” Trouble Brewing in France
• The Financial Crisis Weakens the Monarchy– The Taxation System– Reform Efforts
• The Underlying Causes of the Revolution– Revolt of the Nobility– Middle Class Demands– Enlightenment Ideas and Language– Disappointed Expectations– Demands for Political Participation– Unpopular Kings
“A Great Ferment:” Trouble Brewing in France
• The “Tennis Court Oath”– The Estates General– The National Assembly
• Storming the Bastille– Peasant Revolts– The “Great Fear”
• The End of the Old Order– Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen– March to Versailles
Chapter 16
• When the old regime fell, the French National Assembly, guided by Enlightenment principles, created a new central government and enacted widespread reforms.
The Constitutional Monarchy: Establishing a New Order
– Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
– Constitutional Monarchy
– Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• The King Discredited– Flight of the Royal Family
• Reactions Outside France
Chapter 16
• Although the bourgeoisie and peasantry had gained much from the revolution, the urban populace, or sans-culottes, pushed for a more radical turn in the revolution under the leadership of the Jacobins.
To the Radical Republic and Back
– Sans-Culottes– The Jacobin Club
• War and the Breakdown of Order– Panic and Massacre– National Convention
• Radical Republicans Struggle for Power– Girondins and Jacobins– The Republic– Execution of the King– Internal and External Enemies
To the Radical Republic and Back
• The Terror– Committee of Public Safety– Reign of Terror– Levee en masse
• The Republic of Virtue– Attacking the Catholic Church– Family Life and Education– Revolutionary Symbols
To the Radical Republic and Back
• The Revolution Spreads Outside of France– Sister Republics– Outside Opinion– Uprisings
• Resistance to the Republic Rises– Thermidorian Reaction
• Reaction: The “White” Terror and the Directory
Chapter 16
• This ambitious and skilled military officer utilized the opportunities opened by the revolution to become emperor of France and spread French and spread French revolutionary ideals throughout the world.
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Napoleon’s Rise to Power– Italian Campaign– Expedition to Egypt– Coup d’etat
• Napoleon Consolidates Control– First Consul– The Concordat
• Reforming France– Napoleonic Code– Finance and Education
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Creating the Empire– Emperor Napoleon– Need for Conquests
• War and Conquest– Battle of Trafalgar– Military Strengths– The Continental System– The New European Order
Napoleon Bonaparte
• The Impact Overseas– Revolt in Latin America– England’s Overseas Expansion– Adopting the Napoleonic Code
• Decline and Fall– Flawed Policies– Growing Resistance– Overextension– Invasion of Russia– Defeat at Leipzig– Waterloo
Chapter 17
• This period of industrialization and urbanization, bringing in its wake intense social and economic change, began first in Britain.
The Industrial Revolution Begins
• A Booming Commercial Economy in the West– The Western and non-Western Worlds
• Britain’s Unique Set of Advantages– Commercial Vigor– Transportation– Raw Materials– Labor– Capital– Entrepreneurship
• A Revolution in Agriculture
Chapter 17
• Urbanization and growing wealth fueled an increased demand for manufactured goods which was met by entrepreneurs who applied new mechanical inventions to the factory system.
New Markets, Machines, and Power
• The Rising Demand for Goods– Inventors and Entrepreneurs
• Cotton Leads the Way– Weaving and Spinning
• Iron: New Processes Transform Production– Smelting with Coal
• The Steam Engine and the Factory System
New Markets, Machines, and Power
• Coal: Fueling the Revolution
• Railroads: Carrying Industrialization Across the Land– Effects of the Railroad
• Britain’s Triumph: the Crystal Palace Exhibition
Chapter 17
• After 1830, industrialization began to spread more rapidly, but unevenly, outside Britain, as entrepreneurs from the continent traveled to learn from the British example and British technicians were enticed to other European countries.
– Governmental Aid– Remaining Traditional Economies
Chapter 17
• Industrialization impacted working conditions, home life, and social relationships, but it affected the working and middle classes in very different ways.
– New Wealth– Population Growth
Balancing Benefits and Burdens of Industrialization
• The Middle Class
• The Working Classes– Factory Labor– Insecurity– Risks of Injury– Lifestyle Changes
• Developing Working-Class Consciousness– Workers’ Organizaions– Luddism
Chapter 17
• As urban areas expanded because of population growth and opportunities for work, settlement in cities followed certain patterns but remained unplanned, while concerns about social problems such as crime and environmental pollution grew.
– Urban Growth
Life in the Growing Cities
• The Promise and Pitfalls of Work in the Cities
• Living with Urban Growth– Environmental Changes– Different Neighborhoods
• Worrying About Urban Society: Rising Crime– Crime and Law Enforcement
Chapter 17
• Industrialization brought a variety of health problems, from injuries on the job to the spread of disease, which affected the poor more than the rich and made life in the cities less healthy than in the countryside.
Public Health and Medicine in the Industrial Age
• The Danger of Disease– Causes of Disease
• Seeking Medical Care– Doctors– Alternative Medicine– Surgery
• Promising Developments for Public Health– New Developments in Medicine
Chapter 17
• Family life changed during this period as the middle class developed new ideals about how the family should operate and the working class experienced added pressures.
Family Ideals and Realities
• Middle-Class Ideals: Affection, Children, and Privacy– Marriage– Family Size– Children– The Home
• Separate Spheres: Changing Roles for Middle-Class Women and Men– The Man’s Sphere– The Women’s Domestic Sphere– Middle-Class Success
Family Ideals and Realities
• Working-Class Realities– Women Workers
• Prostitution
• Stress and Survival in the Working Classes
Chapter 18
• The four major victors against Napoleon gathered in Vienna in 1814, as did representatives of almost every European state, to consolidate their victory with a treaty imposing their vision of order on Europe as a whole.
The Congress of Vienna: A Gathering of Victors
– The Victors– Legitimacy and Stability– Territorial Arrangements
• The Concert of Europe: Securing the Vienna Settlement– The Holy Alliance– The Concert of Europe
Chapter 18
• As aristocrats and traditional leaders attempted to preserve their conservative worldview, new ideologies exploring the repercussions of the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution emerged to challenge them in Europe.
Ideologies: How the World Should Be
• Conservatism: Restoring the Traditional Order– Burke– de Maistre and de Bonald– Appeal of Conservatism
• Liberalism: Individual Freedom and Political Reform– Sources of Liberalism– Smith– Malthus and Ricardo– Bentham– Mill
Ideologies: How the World Should Be
• Nationalism: A Common Identity and National Liberation– The French Revolution– Cultural Nationalism– Sense of Community– National Liberation and Unification
• Romanticism: Freedom, Instinct, and Spontaneity– Rousseau– “Storm and Stress” Literature– Reviving the Middle Ages– History– Christianity– Literature
Ideologies: How the World Should Be
– Art– Music– Connections to Nationalism– Connections to Liberalism– Connections to Conservatism
• Early Socialism: Ending Competition and Inequities– Utopian Socialists– Saint-Simon– Fourier– Owen– Tristan
Ideologies: How the World Should Be
• “Scientific Socialism”: Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto– Economic Interest– Class Struggle– Industrial Capitalism– Socialist Society– Appeal of Socialism
Chapter 18
• After 1815, the forces representing conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism struggled for influence in Europe; for the time being, conservatism prevailed in domestic and international politics.
Restoration and Repression
• The Return of the Bourbons in France– Louis XVII– Charles X
• Reaction and Repression in the German States– Metternich– Carlsbad Decrees– Prussia
• Restoration in Italy
Restoration and Repression
• Conservatism in Russia
• Holding the Line in Great Britain– Peterloo Massacre– Ireland
Chapter 18
• In Spite of the conservative effort to maintain order, demands for political participation spread; in some places revolution or revolts broke out, while in others, people gained major reforms.
A Wave of Revolution and Reform
• The Greek War for Independence
• Liberal Triumphs in Western Europe– The July Revolution in France– Revolution in Belgium– Switzerland and Spain
• Testing Authority in Eastern and Southern Europe– Poland– Italy
A Wave of Revolution and Reform
• Liberal Demands in Great Britain– Reform Bill of 1832– Antislavery– Economic and Social Reforms– Corn Laws– Irish Famine– Chartism
• The Dam Bursts: 1848
A Wave of Revolution and Reform
• The “Glory Days”– France– National Workshops– Austria– Hungary– Prussia– Frankfurt assembly– Italy
A Wave of Revolution and Reform
• The Return to Order– June Days in France– Austria and Hungary– Prussia
• What Happened?– Internal Divisions– Holding Power: Liberalism VS. Nationalism– Conservatism– Force