chapter 16~ control of gene expression - ws ap...

• Chapter 16~ Control of Gene Expression

Chromatin

complex of DNA and proteins

DNA Packing•histone protein (+ charged amino acids ~ phosphates of DNA are -charged)

Nucleosome•”beads on a string”; basic unit of DNA packing

Heterochromatin•highly condensed interphase DNA

(can not be transcribed)

Euchromatin•less compacted interphase DNA

(can be transcribed)

DNA Packing

• http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/07-how-dna-is-packaged-basic.html

QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Molecular Biology of Cancer

Oncogene •cancer-causing genes

Proto-oncogene•normal cellular genes

How? 1-movement of DNA; chromosome fragments that have rejoined incorrectly 2-amplification; increases the number of copies of proto-oncogenes3-proto-oncogene point mutation; protein product more active or more resistant to degradation

Tumor-suppressor genes•changes in genes that prevent uncontrolled cell growth (cancer growth stimulated by the absence of suppression)

Phenotypic VariationGenotype isn’t everything

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=turtle+hatching&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=oTGgkUHBMAFxYM&tbnid=f0iLI1MSg80ltM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://worldwildlife.org/tours/mexico-sea-turtle-odyssey&ei=W-r4UpLTLceR0QHx0YHQCQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNEpNwVA9GnHN79RARW4YxpcB3rBEw&ust=1392131031680012

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=turtle+hatching&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=oTGgkUHBMAFxYM&tbnid=f0iLI1MSg80ltM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://worldwildlife.org/tours/mexico-sea-turtle-odyssey&ei=W-r4UpLTLceR0QHx0YHQCQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNEpNwVA9GnHN79RARW4YxpcB3rBEw&ust=1392131031680012

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=arctic fox in different seasons&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=2uRurWOP00gFjM&tbnid=8ntb7HNys5docM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://animaloftheweek.blogspot.com/&ei=wur4UquxJebA0AGX1YHQBQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNHEph8NXUuzWU4YJ69Ks_VYrYX27g&ust=1392131123591619

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=arctic fox in different seasons&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=2uRurWOP00gFjM&tbnid=8ntb7HNys5docM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://animaloftheweek.blogspot.com/&ei=wur4UquxJebA0AGX1YHQBQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNHEph8NXUuzWU4YJ69Ks_VYrYX27g&ust=1392131123591619

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=azaleas&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=OCVOOimtVI4KPM&tbnid=xlEo5Omh1LjSrM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.donaldhyatt.com/&ei=6ur4UuypHcT90wGNloGQDQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNFdnqjmFQjq_qM0SZIBHm0z0Me8eQ&ust=1392131171612296

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=azaleas&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=OCVOOimtVI4KPM&tbnid=xlEo5Omh1LjSrM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.donaldhyatt.com/&ei=6ur4UuypHcT90wGNloGQDQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNFdnqjmFQjq_qM0SZIBHm0z0Me8eQ&ust=1392131171612296

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=hydrangeas&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=y_3WC0eXcNsruM&tbnid=1mO9CAz1O-JdfM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.hydrangeashydrangeas.com/colorchange.html&ei=Puv4UpWoCaP70wGU9IGgDw&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHwyKdZroM_siPqLf0UXTxUHyT8zQ&ust=1392131259735588

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=hydrangeas&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=y_3WC0eXcNsruM&tbnid=1mO9CAz1O-JdfM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.hydrangeashydrangeas.com/colorchange.html&ei=Puv4UpWoCaP70wGU9IGgDw&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHwyKdZroM_siPqLf0UXTxUHyT8zQ&ust=1392131259735588

Hydrangea Color

• Depends on the pH of the soil in which it is grown

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=hydrangea+ph+chart&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Sdoy2byY1OgScM&tbnid=qBU-A2T5NyfEyM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://flowersbulbs.com/ql_hydrangea_color.htm&ei=kuv4UpqNDuSQ0QGY64DoAQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNFbs_-mYeb9LxPL153lfKNPs_gUXQ&ust=1392131343941967

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=hydrangea+ph+chart&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Sdoy2byY1OgScM&tbnid=qBU-A2T5NyfEyM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://flowersbulbs.com/ql_hydrangea_color.htm&ei=kuv4UpqNDuSQ0QGY64DoAQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNFbs_-mYeb9LxPL153lfKNPs_gUXQ&ust=1392131343941967

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=hydrangea+pigment&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HLRed4Z3Z6KiFM&tbnid=4dXXAk9ZvhLGnM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2009/NP/B800165K&ei=zev4UquqFouD1AGyhoGoAw&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHz_dNJigJfoUqLqDU3Db8A45nZrg&ust=1392131388172534

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=hydrangea+pigment&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HLRed4Z3Z6KiFM&tbnid=4dXXAk9ZvhLGnM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2009/NP/B800165K&ei=zev4UquqFouD1AGyhoGoAw&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHz_dNJigJfoUqLqDU3Db8A45nZrg&ust=1392131388172534

Turtle Gender

• Depends on incubation temperature

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=turtle+gender+temperature+graph&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=g_fmaPAg9B9goM&tbnid=70j4Ljt94d3MxM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn128/mtn128p12.shtml&ei=Au34UpKJJ6LF0QHw5YHYAQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNEmpYcF6ptcnB09fkcrieAbiOCZNw&ust=1392131641758204

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=turtle+gender+temperature+graph&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=g_fmaPAg9B9goM&tbnid=70j4Ljt94d3MxM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn128/mtn128p12.shtml&ei=Au34UpKJJ6LF0QHw5YHYAQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNEmpYcF6ptcnB09fkcrieAbiOCZNw&ust=1392131641758204

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=turtle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=AjBmTDQZgaDQxM&tbnid=nxB_WpA5xSe0VM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/sea-turtles/&ei=Lu34UoTEM6iN1AH4l4HwAQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHi61GvvgI-aFUFncuCIhN9eG7HHg&ust=1392131752909603

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=turtle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=AjBmTDQZgaDQxM&tbnid=nxB_WpA5xSe0VM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/sea-turtles/&ei=Lu34UoTEM6iN1AH4l4HwAQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHi61GvvgI-aFUFncuCIhN9eG7HHg&ust=1392131752909603

http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/turtle_Alan_Rees.jpg

http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/turtle_Alan_Rees.jpg

Arctic Fox

• Fur color changes with season

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=arctic+fox+fur+color+changes+with+season&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=a-MkeesGWvn_ZM&tbnid=DmwqkTyRAVcYOM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://bio1100.nicerweb.com/johnson4e-errata.html&ei=de34Ur_MK8Wz0QHLmYG4DQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHP_lkaEk1b5fioIWq_AJEXVwanfQ&ust=1392131826376330

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=arctic+fox+fur+color+changes+with+season&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=a-MkeesGWvn_ZM&tbnid=DmwqkTyRAVcYOM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://bio1100.nicerweb.com/johnson4e-errata.html&ei=de34Ur_MK8Wz0QHLmYG4DQ&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHP_lkaEk1b5fioIWq_AJEXVwanfQ&ust=1392131826376330

Evolutionary Significance?

• What is the advantage of variability in phenotype

RNA World Hypothesis

Three basic types of RNA

• mRNA – carries message from DNA

• tRNA – carries amino acid to mRNA

• rRNA – makes up the ribosome

• snRNA (small nuclear RNA) –make up splicesomes that cut introns out of pre-mRNA this enzymatic activity leads us to believe RNA came before DNA and proteins

• snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA) – direct nucleotide modifications

chapter 16~ control of gene expression - ws ap...

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