chapter 16 fishes, amphibians, and reptiles 16-1 what is a vertebrates? vertebrates an animal that...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 16Chapter 16
Fishes, Amphibians, and ReptilesFishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles
16-1 What is a Vertebrates?16-1 What is a Vertebrates?
VertebratesVertebrates An animal that has a vertebral column (backbone)An animal that has a vertebral column (backbone)
Protects the spinal cordProtects the spinal cord
Connects brain to nerves in bodyConnects brain to nerves in body
16-1 What is a Vertebrates?16-1 What is a Vertebrates?
VertebratesVertebrates Have endoskeletons Have endoskeletons
(internal skeletons)(internal skeletons)Gives shape to bodyGives shape to body
Supports bodySupports body
Made of living tissue so Made of living tissue so it grows with the bodyit grows with the body
16-1 What is a Vertebrates?16-1 What is a Vertebrates?
VertebratesVertebrates Belong to the phylum ChordataBelong to the phylum Chordata
Some time during their lives they have 3 Some time during their lives they have 3 characteristicscharacteristics
Nerve CordNerve CordHollow tube near animals backHollow tube near animals back
NotochordNotochordLong flexible support rod that runs through part of Long flexible support rod that runs through part of animals bodyanimals body
Throat with gill slitsThroat with gill slitsAllows oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out Allows oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out while in waterwhile in water
16-1 What is a Vertebrates?16-1 What is a Vertebrates?
16-1 What is a Vertebrate16-1 What is a Vertebrate
VertebratesVertebrates ColdbloodedColdblooded
EctothermsEctotherms
Rely on environments Rely on environments for heatfor heat
Fish, amphibians, Fish, amphibians, reptilesreptiles
WarmbloodedWarmbloodedEndothermsEndotherms
Maintain their body Maintain their body temperaturetemperature
Birds and mammalsBirds and mammals
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
First FishFirst Fish First appeared about First appeared about
540 million years ago 540 million years ago in fossil recordin fossil record
No jawsNo jaws Body covered by bony Body covered by bony
platesplates First animals to have First animals to have
vertebral columnvertebral column
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
FishFish Water dwelling Water dwelling
vertebrates that are vertebrates that are characterized by characterized by scales, fins, and scales, fins, and throats with gill slits throats with gill slits (all fish)(all fish)
Not all fish have these Not all fish have these characteristicscharacteristics
Sturgeon have no Sturgeon have no scalesscales
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
FishFish Most fish have finsMost fish have fins
Vary in structure and Vary in structure and functionfunction
Can have paired fins or Can have paired fins or single finssingle fins
Can be used to stay Can be used to stay upright or steerupright or steer
Large tail fin moves Large tail fin moves side to side to moveside to side to move
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
FishFish Eat just about anythingEat just about anything Have a closed Have a closed
circulatory systemcirculatory system Excretory system Excretory system
gives off ammoniagives off ammonia Have well developed Have well developed
nervous systemnervous systemEyesEyes
Good sense of smell Good sense of smell and tasteand taste
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
FishFish Most species males Most species males
and females are and females are separate individualsseparate individuals
Males produce sperm, Males produce sperm, females produce eggsfemales produce eggs
Some species are born Some species are born male and develop into male and develop into femalesfemales
Most have external Most have external fertilizationfertilization
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
Jawless FishesJawless Fishes Most primitiveMost primitive Lack scales and fins Lack scales and fins
alsoalso Skeletons are made of Skeletons are made of
cartilage cartilage Eellike bodiesEellike bodies
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
LampreysLampreys Only species of Only species of
jawless fish alivejawless fish alive Suction-cup mouth Suction-cup mouth
with teethwith teethAttaches to animals Attaches to animals and scrapes away skinand scrapes away skin
Eats body fluidsEats body fluids
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
HagfishesHagfishes Considered most Considered most
primitive vertebrate primitive vertebrate todaytoday
Wormlike body with 4-Wormlike body with 4-6 short tentacles 6 short tentacles extended from its extended from its mouthmouth
Feeds on dead or Feeds on dead or dying fishdying fish
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
Cartilaginous FishCartilaginous Fish Sharks, rays, skates, Sharks, rays, skates,
sawfish, and sawfish, and chimaeraschimaeras
Skeletons made of Skeletons made of cartilagecartilage
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
SharksSharks Top predator of the Top predator of the
oceansoceans Have up to 3000 teethHave up to 3000 teeth
In rowsIn rows
First 2 rows are for First 2 rows are for feeding rest are for feeding rest are for replacementreplacement
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
Skates and RaysSkates and Rays Flat bodiesFlat bodies 2 large broad fins2 large broad fins Most live on ocean Most live on ocean
bottombottom Some have poison Some have poison
spines on tailspines on tail
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
Bony FishBony Fish Skeleton is made of Skeleton is made of
hard boneshard bonesBones are smallBones are small
Most Travel in groupsMost Travel in groupsSchoolsSchools
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
Bony FishBony Fish Most have paired finsMost have paired fins Fins are supported by Fins are supported by
raysraysRay finned fishRay finned fish
Lobe finned fishLobe finned fishFins have fleshy base Fins have fleshy base and leglike bonesand leglike bones
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
Bony FishBony Fish Have a swim bladderHave a swim bladder
Gas filled sac that let Gas filled sac that let fish float in waterfish float in water
Extremely adaptedExtremely adaptedElectric EelElectric Eel
Produces up to 650 Produces up to 650 voltsvolts
RemoraRemora Attaches to sharks Attaches to sharks
and cleans themand cleans them
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
Bony FishBony Fish AdaptationsAdaptations
FlounderFlounder Babies hatch with an Babies hatch with an
eye on both sides of eye on both sides of its headits head
Adults have both eyes Adults have both eyes on one side of its on one side of its headhead
Lays on bottom and Lays on bottom and can seecan see
Can also change Can also change colorcolor
16-2 Fish16-2 Fish
Bony FishBony Fish AdaptationsAdaptations
Lantern Fish and Lantern Fish and Angler FishAngler Fish
Live 300-700 meters Live 300-700 meters deepdeep
Have light emitting Have light emitting organs to attract fishorgans to attract fish
MudskippersMudskippers Can walk on land with Can walk on land with
their finstheir fins Breath through its Breath through its
skinskin
16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians
AmphibiansAmphibians Vertebrates that are Vertebrates that are
fishlike and that fishlike and that breathe through gills breathe through gills when immaturewhen immature
Live on land and Live on land and breathe through lungs breathe through lungs and moist skin as and moist skin as adultsadults
Skin contains many Skin contains many glands, lack scales glands, lack scales and clawsand claws
16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians
AmphibiansAmphibians Appeared about 360 Appeared about 360
million years agomillion years ago Eggs lack had outer Eggs lack had outer
shellsshellsIf not placed in water If not placed in water they will dry outthey will dry out
Double loop closed Double loop closed circulatory systemcirculatory system
HeartHeartLungsLungsHeartHeartBodyBodyHeartHeart
16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians
AmphibiansAmphibians Well developed Well developed
execratory systemexecratory system Well developed Well developed
nervous systemnervous systemLarge eyesLarge eyes
Large brainLarge brain
16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians
AmphibiansAmphibians External fertilizationExternal fertilization MetamorphosisMetamorphosis
Tadpole Tadpole Tail and headTail and head
AdultAdult LegsLegs
16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians
Frogs and ToadsFrogs and Toads HibernationHibernation
Body activity slows Body activity slows downdown
Frogs bury themselves Frogs bury themselves beneath the mud during beneath the mud during winterwinter
Toads bury themselves Toads bury themselves below the frost linebelow the frost line
16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians
Frogs and ToadsFrogs and Toads Toads usually have Toads usually have
poisonspoisonsLocated behind the eye Located behind the eye or on the backor on the back
Makes attackers sick or Makes attackers sick or diedie
16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians
Salamanders and Salamanders and NewtsNewts Keep their tails for Keep their tails for
entire lifeentire life Not able to jumpNot able to jump Live in moist areasLive in moist areas
For reproductionFor reproduction
To breathe To breathe
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
ReptilesReptiles Vertebrates that have Vertebrates that have
lungs, scaly skin, cold lungs, scaly skin, cold blooded, and a special blooded, and a special type of eggtype of egg
Snakes, turtles, Snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and dinosaurs crocodiles, and dinosaurs (extinct)(extinct)
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
ReptilesReptiles First appeared about 300 First appeared about 300
million years agomillion years ago
Large, fat, short legged Large, fat, short legged animalsanimals
Looked like cross Looked like cross between a lizard and a between a lizard and a toadtoad
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
ReptilesReptiles SkinSkin
Tough, dry, thick layer Tough, dry, thick layer of scalesof scales
Made out of substance Made out of substance that makes fingernailsthat makes fingernails
WaterproofWaterproof
Shed their skinShed their skin
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
ReptilesReptiles Double loop circulatory Double loop circulatory
systemsystem Nervous system like Nervous system like
amphibiansamphibians
Brain is better Brain is better developeddeveloped
Well developed Well developed respiratory systemrespiratory system
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
ReptilesReptiles Internal fertilizationInternal fertilization EggsEggs
Surrounded by Surrounded by protective shellprotective shell
Prevents drying outPrevents drying out Flexible but tough (like Flexible but tough (like
leather)leather)
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
LizardsLizards Typically have slender Typically have slender
bodies, movable bodies, movable eyelids, long tails, four eyelids, long tails, four legs, and clawed toeslegs, and clawed toes
Range from 3 cm Range from 3 cm (geckos) to 4.5 m (geckos) to 4.5 m (monitors)(monitors)
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
LizardsLizards Mostly eat insectsMostly eat insects
Waits and strikes with Waits and strikes with mouthmouth
DefenseDefense
Color changeColor change
Shed tailShed tail Will grow back Will grow back
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
SnakesSnakes Lizards that have lost Lizards that have lost
their limbs, eyelids, and their limbs, eyelids, and earsears
Move by wriggling long, Move by wriggling long, thin, muscular bodiesthin, muscular bodies
Scales help to grip the Scales help to grip the groundground
Good swimmersGood swimmers
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
SnakesSnakes FeedingFeeding
Eat small animalsEat small animalsAble to detect heatAble to detect heatCan taste the air Can taste the air with tongue with tongue Can dislocate their Can dislocate their jawjawSome produce Some produce poisonspoisons
Injected by fangsInjected by fangs
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
TurtlesTurtles Reptiles whose Reptiles whose
bodies are enclosed bodies are enclosed in a shellin a shell
ShellShellPlates of bone Plates of bone covered by scalescovered by scalesSome are soft Some are soft (leather back)(leather back)Some can hold up Some can hold up to 200 times their to 200 times their own weightown weight
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
TurtlesTurtles Have beaks similar to Have beaks similar to
birdsbirds DietDiet
Most eat plantsMost eat plants
Some eat animals by Some eat animals by lureslures
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
Alligators and CrocodilesAlligators and Crocodiles Large meat-eating reptilesLarge meat-eating reptiles
Insects, fish, birds, amphibians, large hoofed Insects, fish, birds, amphibians, large hoofed mammalsmammals
Long snouts, powerful tails, and thick armored Long snouts, powerful tails, and thick armored skinskin
Build nests of mud and plants for eggsBuild nests of mud and plants for eggsMost species guard their nestsMost species guard their nests
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
AlligatorsAlligators Have broad rounded Have broad rounded
snoutssnouts When mouth is closed When mouth is closed
only a few teeth are only a few teeth are visiblevisible
Do not usually attackDo not usually attack Grow to a max of about Grow to a max of about
13 ft13 ft
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
CrocodilesCrocodiles Have narrow pointed Have narrow pointed
snoutssnouts When mouth is closed all When mouth is closed all
teeth showteeth show Very aggressiveVery aggressive Can grow to nearly 20 ftCan grow to nearly 20 ft
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
Freshwater CrocodileFreshwater Crocodile
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
Saltwater CrocodileSaltwater Crocodile
16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles
Saltwater CrocodileSaltwater Crocodile