chapter 16: polymers. reading all of ch. 16 except sec. 16-10 and 16-11
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 16: Polymers
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Reading
All of Ch. 16 except
Sec. 16-10 and 16-11.
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Homework No. 12
Problems 16-8, 16-10
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Polymers• Natural polymers
• Synthetic polymers
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Examples of natural polymers
• Cellulose (e.g., wood, wool, cotton)
• Starches
• Proteins
• Natural rubber
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Examples of synthetic polymers
• Polyethylene
• Polyvinyl chloride
• Synthetic rubbers
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(PVC)
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Addition polymerization
.OH is the initiator.
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Degree of polymerization
= No. of mers in a molecule
= Molecular mass / mer mass
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Molecular mass is Mi for size interval i.
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Population described asNumber fraction of molecules in size interval i = Xi
= No. of molecules in size interval i divided by No. of molecules in polymer
Number-average molecular mass = Σi(XiMi)
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Population described asMass fraction of molecules in size interval i = Wi
= Mass of molecules in size interval i divided by mass of molecules in polymer
Mass-average molecular mass = Σi(WiMi)
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Number-average molecular mass < Mass-average molecular mass
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Example problem
• 18 g sugar (C6H12O6, M = 180 g/mole)
18 g water (H2O, M = 18 g/mole)• No. of molecules of sugar = 18/180 = 0.1 mole No. of molecules of water = 18/18 = 1.0 mole• Mass-average molecular mass = (0.50) (180 g/mole) + (0.50) (18 g/mole) = 99 g/mole• Number-average molecular mass = (0.1/1.1) (180 g/mole) + (1.0/1.1) (18 g/mole) = 32.7 g/mole
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Polymer blend (a solid solution)
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Homopolymer: 1 type of mer Copolymer: >1 type of mer
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Copolymer
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Styrene-butadiene block copolymer
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Polyamide
Condensation polymerization
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Polyester
Polyamide
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FunctionalityNo. of reaction sites in a
monomer for polymerization
= 2 for linear polymers
>2 for network (3D) polymers
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Due to stereohindrance, functionality = 3, i.e., each phenol ring is at most linked to 3 other phenol rings. One water molecule is formed per bridge.
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Network polymer
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Kinked conformation
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Isomers
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Isotactic
Syndiotactic
Atactic
No side group
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Isotactic
Syndiotactic
Atactic
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Tacticity
Fractions that are
atactic,
syndiotactic and
isotactic
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Branching
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Types of polymer
• Thermoplastic (softens upon heating)
• Thermoset (does not soften upon heating)
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Compression molding
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Necessary but not sufficient conditions for elastomers
• Noncrystalline at room temperature
• Glass transition temperature well below room temperature
• Macromolecular chains
- very long with many bends
- in constant motion at room temperature
- cross-linked every few hundred atoms
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Degree of crystallinity
Degree of crystallinity = Fraction of the polymer that is crystalline
For the same cooling rate, different polymers have different tendencies toward crystallinity
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Crystalline region
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Orthorhomic unit cell of polyethylene
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Network polymers
Glassy usually, because rearrangement is difficult.
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Linear polymersFactors that affect the tendency toward crystallinity1. Character of the side groups (a) Bulkiness of the side groups (b) Arrangement of the side groups2. Amount of chain branching3. Macromolecular chain length (long molecules tend to
be kinked)4. Homopolymers tends to be more crystalline than
copolymers
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Effect of the degree of crystallinity
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Description of a polymer
• Mer(s)• Type of copolymer• Molecular mass (degree of
polymerization)• Tacticity • Degree of crystallinity