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Chapter 16 Reconstruction

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Page 1: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Chapter 16

Reconstruction

Page 2: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Presidential Reconstruction

• How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union?

• Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan” Southerners could be reinstated as citizens by taking

a oath of loyalty When a number equal to 10 percent of those who had

voted in 1860 had done so they could set up a state government

That government must be a republican form, must recognize freedom of slaves, and provide for education of freed slaves

Page 3: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Presidential Reconstruction

• Radicals against 10 percent plan – too moderate and gave Lincoln too much power to determine policy in South

• Radicals passed Wade-Davis Bill Constitutional conventions in states had to have a

majority Those who bore arms against Union were barred from

voting States had to repudiate Confederate debt Bill vetoed by Lincoln (just prior to assassination)

Page 4: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!

• After Lee’s surrender, John Wilkes Booth’s plot to kidnap Lincoln changed to assassination

• Lincoln was not the only one targeted- General Grant, Vice-President Johnson, and Secretary of State Seward were also to be killed

Page 5: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!

Page 6: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!

Page 7: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!

Page 8: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!

Page 9: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!

Page 10: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!

Page 11: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!

Page 12: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!Lincoln Johnson Seward Grant

John Wilkes Booth George Atzerodt Lewis Powell

Page 13: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!

Mary Surratt was the first woman to be executed by the US government

Page 14: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!

• Major Rathbone, who, with his fiance Clara Harris, had accompanied the Lincolns to Fords theater, was appointed counsel to Hannover, Germany in 1882

• While there, he killed his wife, almost killed his three children, and attempted suicide

• Rathbone spent the rest of his life in a German insane asylum

• It is said that Rathbone’s insanity was caused by his sense of failure in stopping Booth

• In the 1950’s, the bodies of Rathbone and his wife were disposed of by the German cemetery

Page 15: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead!

• Robert Lincoln Only Lincoln son to reach

adulthood (Edward, Willie, and Tad all died in childhood)

Had his mother committed to an insane asylum (she escaped)

Was present at the assassination of President Garfield

Was present at the McKinley assassination

Robert Lincoln

Page 16: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Lincoln Dead! Some weeks before his father’s

assassination, Robert Lincoln was at the train station

A large crowd jostled him and he fell from the platform onto the tracks into the path of an oncoming train

Just before he would have been hit and probably killed, a hand reached down and grabbed him, pulling him to safety

The man that saved Robert Lincoln was Edwin Booth, older brother of Abraham Lincoln’s assassin, John Wilkes Booth

Edwin Booth

Page 17: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Presidential Reconstruction

• Lincoln succeeded by Andrew Johnson Tennessee Unionist Democrat Champion of the small farmer Hated Southern aristocrats which endeared him to

Republican radicals thinking he was anti-South Johnson shared South’s views on states’ rights and

contempt for blacks Enacted an amnesty program only slightly more

rigorous than Lincoln’s By 1865, all Southern states had governments, had

ratified the 13th Amendment, and were ready to re-join the Union

Page 18: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Republican Radicals

• Ultra-radicals wanted complete civil and political equality for blacks

• Other Republicans wanted to protect blacks from exploitation and guarantee basic rights but little else

• Republicans wary of seating Southern delegates as 3/5 Compromise gone and South could hold majority

Page 19: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Republican Radicals

• Southern states provoked North by electing representatives from former Confederacy

• South provoked North by enacting Black Codes

• Johnsonian Reconstruction therefore rejected

Page 20: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Congress versus Johnson

• Johnson vetoed legislation expanding the Freedmen’s Bureau

• Congress passed Civil Rights Act putting teeth in 13th Amendment

• Johnson’s veto was overridden – Congress was now in control

• Johnson’s behavior alienated many• Radicals demanded extra rights to protect

blacks – faced increasing opposition

Page 21: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Fourteenth Amendment

• Supplied a broad definition of American citizenship

• Struck at discriminatory state laws such as Black Codes

• If states refused the vote to any adult male, its representation was to be reduced

• Former federal officials who had served in the Confederacy were barred from holding state or federal office

• The Confederate debt was repudiated

Page 22: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

The Reconstruction Acts

• South unwilling to ratify 14th Amendment

• Furious North enacted coercive measures known as the Reconstruction Acts

• Divided South into military districts each controlled by a general with near-dictatorial powers

• Military rule would end only with ratification of the 14th Amendment

Page 23: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

The Reconstruction Acts

• First Reconstruction Act too vague to be workable – South made no effort to follow laws

• A Second Reconstruction Act required military to register voters and supervise election of delegates to constitutional conventions

• Southerners refused to go to the polls• Georgia last to ratify in 1870

Page 24: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Congress Supreme

• Southern resistance to even the mildest forms of reconstruction goaded the North to apply increasingly harsher measures

• Johnson’s stubbornness also influenced Republicans

• Congress exerted more authority over army, cabinet members, and even Supreme Court (size reduced and jurisdiction limited)

Page 25: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Congress Supreme

• Johnson refused to submit to Congress reducing executive powers

• Johnson violated “Tenure of Office Act of 1867” by removing Sec. War Stanton

• Johnson was impeached but escaped conviction by 1 vote

• Kept Congress from permanently damaging the power of the executive

Page 26: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

The Fifteenth Amendment

• Grant elected president in 1868• Radicals wanted to give right of vote to all blacks

in all states• Republicans saw black vote as advantageous –

15th Amendment sent to states in 1869 and ratified in 1870

• Amendment to give suffrage to all men regardless of color – women outraged

• Suffrage restricted through literacy tests and other measures

Page 27: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

“Black Republican” Reconstruction

• Within five years of emancipation, blacks were exerting real political influence

• Real winners were “scalawags” – white Southerners willing to cooperate with Republicans

• “Carpetbaggers” – Northerners who went to South to help blacks, serve in federal system, or take advantage of the destitute South

Page 28: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Confederate General James Longstreet

Scalawag

Hillary Clinton

Carpetbagger

Page 29: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

“Black Republican” Reconstruction

• Blacks failed to dominate Southern politics

• Most of those who held office were house servants or artisans

• Mulattos also fared better politically and socially

• Black officials were usually competent and conscientious though there were examples of corruption

Page 30: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

“Black Republican” Reconstruction

• Biggest thieves were white

• Despite wasted money, Southern infrastructure was rebuilt

• Major contribution made by the Freedmen’s Bureau

• Programs enacted under Black Republicans as well as corruption continued under white rule that came later

Page 31: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

The Ravaged Land

• South was never as wealthy as the North – now it was desperately poor due to the destruction of war

• Radical Republicans wanted to confiscate plantations and divide land between freed slaves

• Land without seed and tools useless• Blacks had to either strike out on their own

or work for former masters

Page 32: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

The Ravaged Land

• Black productivity dropped after emancipation

• Whites assumed blacks “lazy”

• Black family dynamics changed- male authority increased and women moved to child-rearing roles

Page 33: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Sharecropping and Crop-Liens

• After the war, Southern planters tried farming through gang-labor – failed due to scarce money and black dislike of working under whites

• Sharecropping system emerged- planter supplied land, seed, equipment in return for half the crop

• Sharecropping gave blacks more control over their lives

Page 34: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Sharecropping and Crop-Liens

• Poor whites also utilized sharecropping system• Lack of capital forced development of crop-lien

systemBoth landowner and sharecropper depended on local

bankers, merchants, storekeepers for everything from seed to coffee and salt

Crossroads stores proliferated- prices of goods on credit high

Store owners also lacked capital and paid high interest on credit purchases

Page 35: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Sharecropping and Crop-Liens

• South, drained of resources, had to compete with the West and North for capital

• Southern reconstruction achieved at the expense of the standard of living of the producing classes

• Progress in South slow: 7,000 miles of track laid in South between 1865-1879, in rest of US 45,000 miles laid

• Late 1800’s Southern production revived in cotton, tobacco, textiles

Page 36: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

White Backlash

• Radical Southern governments needed support of whites to maintain power

• Support came from wealthy merchants and planters (former Whigs)

• Southern white Republicans used the Union League of America to control the black vote

Page 37: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

White Backlash

• Dissident Southerners powerless to oppose the League openly

• Secret terrorist societies established such as KKK, White Camelia, and Pale FacesKKK began as social club in 1866 but by 1868 it was

taken over by vigilantes trying to drive blacks out of politics

Claimed to be ghosts of dead Confederate soldiersWhen intimidation failed they used violenceCongress struck back at the KKK – severely

diminishing their influence

Page 38: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

White Backlash

• KKK eroded will of white Republicans and Black voters

• Open intimidation and violence erupted with the Red Shirts in Mississippi beginning 1874

• Terrorism against blacks increased white fears of black retaliation

• Blacks learned to stay home on election day

Page 39: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

White Backlash

• Northern anger at South diminished over time and “conservative” white governments took over in South

• North had little interest in racial equality

• Southern idea of the need for the workforce to be disciplined gained ground in the North

Page 40: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Grant as President

• Stock market crash of 1873 created economic problems for a decade

• Controversies over “greenbacks” versus “sound” money

• Grant administration and corruption

• 1872 election split Republicans between Grant and Greeley- ended Republican dominance

Page 41: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Election of 1876

• Republican: Rutherford B. Hayes / Democrat: Samuel J. Tilden

• Tilden carried enough states to win – Republicans controlling Southern states threw out Democratic ballots so that Hayes “won”

• BUT many blacks kept from voting

• A commission organized to judge the election was corrupted by both sides

• Commission voted for Hayes 8 to 7

Page 42: Chapter 16 Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction How should the Southern states be re-admitted into the Union? Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan”  Southerners

Compromise of 1877

• Southern Democrats ready to accept Hayes if he ended military occupation of South

• Hayes elected and troops removed• Efforts made by Republicans to find niche in

South but South remained solidly Democratic• Compromise ended Reconstruction and began

new political order in the South• Blacks would bear the brunt of these changes as

the North forgot them and the courts rebuffed them