chapter 16 rescue procedures 6 07
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Alt file location for Bates Fire ServiceTRANSCRIPT
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Rescue Procedures
CHAPTER 16
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Objectives (1 of 2)
• Recognize the hazards associated with various rescue operations.
• Describe the differences between primary and secondary searches.
• Identify the need for rapid intervention teams.• Demonstrate the proper procedures for victim drags
and carries.• Define proper terminology utilized during motor
vehicle extrication operations.
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Objectives (2 of 2)
• Demonstrate proper and safe operation of vehicle extrication tools and equipment.
• Explain the various types of specialized rescue situations presented and the hazards associated with them.
• Identify specialized equipment used during technical rescue operations.
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Introduction
• Rescues are defined as actions that trained firefighters perform at emergency scenes to remove someone from immediate danger, or to extricate them if they are already trapped.
• This lesson is designed to provide an awareness level of rescue situations.
• Teamwork and safety are the key points to remember.
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Hazards Associated with Rescue Operations
• Every rescue operation has hazards.
• Tunnel vision is a big hazard.– It is easy to get tunnel vision in a complex and
lengthy rescue.– Tunnel vision can keep rescuers from seeing
obvious solutions and impending danger.
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Search of Burning Structures (1 of 3)
• This is one of the most dangerous rescue situations.• Training, practicing, and planning are the best ways
to reduce danger.• Always enter in teams of two or more.• Two firefighters in full gear and a charged line
should be ready to go in, if needed.– Known as two-in/two-out rule
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Search of Burning Structures (2 of 3)
• Perform a quick survey of structure and surroundings.
• Always carry a tool, flashlight, and radio when searching.
• Thermal imagers may help “see” through smoke.• Search single-family structures using wall as
reference.– Known as “right-handed” or “left-handed” search
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Search of Burning Structures (3 of 3)
• Commercial or industrial structures require use of lifeline or guideline.
• There are two operations to searching a building.– Primary search– Secondary search
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Search Team
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Rapid Intervention Team Standing By
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Survey Structure Prior to Entering
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Searching a Residential Occupancy
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Commercial Occupancies
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SEARCHING A ROOM WITH 2 PEOPLE
• One person is the point of reference.
• Search around and behind furnishings.
• Use tools and body to probe for victims.
• Leave the way you came in.
• Mark the searched area.
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Primary Search
• First and most dangerous of the two
• Search team often ahead of attack lines
• Often above the fire
• Window searches may speed process
• Rapid, but thorough, search
• All clear may change fireground operations focus
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Secondary Search
• Conducted after fire is out or well under control
• A more thorough search
• May find areas that still need to be extinguished
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Victim Removal, Drags, and Carries
• Victims must be removed carefully and expeditiously.
• Try to not cause further injury or aggravate existing injury.
• You may not be able to give care due to hazardous or hostile environment.
• Use “tight core” to create power and reduce injury.
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Firefighter’s Carry
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Extremity Carry
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Seat Carry
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Blanket Drag
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Clothing Drag
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Webbing Sling Drag
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Sit and Drag
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Firefighter’s Drag
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Rescue of a Firefighter Wearing SCBA
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Placing a Patient on a Backboard
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Placing a Patient on an Ambulance Cot
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Extrication From Motor Vehicle
• Motor vehicle crashes are common rescue situations.
• Knowledge, experience, and skill are most valuable tools.
• Extrication means to free, release, or disentangle a patient from entrapment.
• Operations may be simple or complex.• Operations at an extrication incident should follow
a pre-determined sequence of events.
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Incident Action Plan
• Scene assessment
• Establishing work areas
• Vehicle stabilization
• Patient access
• Disentanglement
• Patient removal
• Scene stabilization
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Extrication Tools (1 of 3)
• They range from basic to specialized tools.
• Hydraulic tools are operated by gasoline engine, electric motor, or air-driven motor.
• Spreaders are used to push and pull.
• Cutters are used for different tasks.
• Rams are used for pushing.
• Combination tools spread and cut.
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Extrication Tools (2 of 3)
• Air bags come in high-pressure and low/medium-pressure.
• High-pressure bags operate at a maximum inflation pressure of about 130 psi.
• Bags come in sizes ranging from 6”x 6” to 36”x 36”.
• Low/medium-pressure bags can lift very heavy loads.
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Extrication Tools (3 of 3)
• Air chisels are valuable tools for rescue operations.
• Reciprocating saws are also gaining popularity.
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Gasoline Engines
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Spreaders and Cutters
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Rams and Combination Tools
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High-Pressure Air Bags
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Low-Pressure Air Bags
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Air Chisel and Reciprocating Saw
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Crash Scene Assessment
• Traffic
• Number and types of vehicles involved
• Number and apparent extent of injuries
• Disentanglement requirements
• Other associated hazards
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Additional Resources
• Additional ambulances
• Specialized extrication equipment
• Additional law enforcement
• Specialized technical rescue equipment
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Establish Work Areas
• Use of cones
• Natural barriers
• Law enforcement
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Vehicle Stabilization• It may be simple or complex.
• Determine the type necessary.
• You may use cribbing.
• You may need additional tools.
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Patient Access
• It is necessary to care for the patient.
• Patient may need care prior to removal.
• It may be as simple as opening a door.
• You may need additional tools.
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Disentanglement
• Disassembly
• Distortion
• Displacement
• Severance
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Patient Removal
• Careful of sharp metal and edges
• Tools removed from egress path
• Tools retrieved and fire hazard monitored
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Scene Stabilization
• Secure unresolved hazards.• Remove tools and cribbing that may create
hazards.• Remain at the scene until the vehicle is
removed.• Tow cable risks.• Fluid and vehicle debris.• Remove barriers.
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Specialized Rescue Situations and Tools
• There are a variety of other rescues a firefighter may face.– Specialized training beyond this course is
needed.– This is designed as a familiarization.
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Vertical Rescue
• The victim may be above or below grade.
• NFPA 1983 deals with rope safety.
• Rescuers must be well-trained.
• Be familiar with equipment and techniques.
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Water Rescue• These are very
dangerous operations• Wear PFD around water.• Do not attempt rescue if
not trained.• Ice rescue requires
thermal protection.• Reach, Throw, Row, Go.
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Structural Collapse Rescue
• Collapse may be natural or from an explosion.– Pancake collapse– Lean-to collapse– V-type collapse
• Victims are the greatest concern.
• You need specialized training and equipment.
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Structural Collapse Rescue
• Pancake Collapse
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Structural Collapse Rescue
• Lean-to Collapse
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Structural Collapse Rescue
• V-type Collapse
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Trench and Below-Grade Rescue
• Most occur at construction, utilities, maintenance, or well digging sites.
• Asphyxiation is a major concern.
• For the safety of rescuers, beware of a secondary collapse.
• Team work is essential.
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Confined Space Rescue
• Definition– A space large enough to enter
– Not designed for worker occupancy
– Limited egress or access
• Many different forms• Concern of oxygen-deficient atmosphere• Space constantly monitored• Need proper PPE and equipment• Back-up crew ready
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Other Rescue Situations
• Rescue from electrical situations– Energy concerns
• Industrial entrapment rescue– Unusual entrapments
• Elevator and escalator rescue– Secure elevator and call for assistance
• Farm equipment rescue– Specialized training needs
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Summary
• Address common rescue situations you may have to face.
• Specialized training is required.• Goal was to present broad spectrum of situations
and some concepts to deal with them.• Never attempt a complex rescue without proper
training.• Identify possible hazards in your district.• Know where to get specialized resources.