chapter 16.2 the spread of protestantism · chapter 16.2 the spread of protestantism. protestantism...
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Chapter 16.2
The Spread of Protestantism
Protestantism in Switzerland
Before the Peace of Augsburg, Protestantism already began dividing
In Zurich, Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli led Church reform
Instituted Protestantism in Zurich
1531 CE, war broke out between Swiss Catholics and Protestants
Zurich defeated; Zwingli killed
Swiss Protestant leadership passed to John Calvin
John Calvin
John Calvin: born in France, converted to Protestantism and fled to Switzerland
Calvin believed in predestination (idea that God has determined in advance who will be saved and who will be damned)Followers of Calvin (Calvinists) believed
they were predestined for heaven
Calvin created a strict Calvinist theocracy in Geneva
Reformation in England
Henry VIII Wants a Son
Henry VIII has a daughter, needs male heir to rule England
Henry calls for divorce from wife, Catherine of Aragon
Pope refuses to annul marriage
The Reformation Parliament
In response to pope’s refusal to annul Henry’s marriage, English Parliament passes laws ending pope’s power in England
Henry creates new church (Church of England) with himself as leader; remarries
Pope excommunicates Henry
Thomas More refused to go against Catholic Church; beheaded
Reformation in England
Consequences of Henry’s Changes
Henry had 6 wives and 3 children Still practiced Catholicism
Henry dies; 9 year old son Edward VI takes over Church officials move Church of England to
Protestantism
Edward dies at age 16
Henry’s daughter, Mary I takes throne after Edward
Wanted to return England to Catholicism; orders burning alive of ~300 Protestants; “Bloody Mary”
People cling to Protestantism even more as a result
Other Protestant Reformers
Anabaptists: Believed in total separation of church and state; strictly adhered to 10 Commandments
Pacifists; “thou shalt not kill”
Anabaptists considered all believers equal; chose leaders from rich or poor
Catholics and Protestants agreed on one thing: Anabaptists were dangerous radicals
One Catholic army and one Protestant army surround Anabaptist city and capture it; torture and kill Anabaptists
Reformation and Society
Changes in Education
Humanist schools mostly for the wealthy elite
Martin Luther believed all children should be educated to produce good Christians
Free state-run education for children
Changes for Women
No changes; Luther and Calvin viewed women as obedient servants to men; bearer of children
Changes for Jews
None, Jews still hated
Luther insisted Jewish homes and synagogues be destroyed
Catholic Church forced Jews to live in ghettos(cramped, dirty, and segregated city districts)
Counter-Reformation
Catholic Church was losing influence:Germany and Scandinavia became
Lutheran
Switzerland, France, Netherlands, Eastern Europe became Calvinist
England became Anglican
Regained footing under Pope Paul III during 1500s due to three factors:
1. Founding of the Jesuits
2. Papal reform
3. Council of Trent
Counter-Reformation
1. Spanish nobles found Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, in 1540 Officially recognized by the pope; pledge loyalty to
pope Jesuit missionaries spread Catholic education all
throughout Europe
2. Pope Paul III called for official investigation of Church corruption
3. Pope Paul III also called the Council of Trent Church officials gathered to discuss Church
teachings Forbid sale of indulgences; reaffirmed clerical
celibacy Built confidence