chapter 17 alternative approaches. financial information analysis2 copyright 2006 john wiley &...
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Chapter 17
Alternative Approaches
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Financial Information Analysis 2Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Introduction
• Limited perspective of accounting:• focused mainly on investor needs
• difficult to capture non-quantitative elements
• limited frame of reference
• Other approaches, e.g. Balanced Scorecard• more holistic
• incorporate non-financial information/outlooks
• complement accounting perspective
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Financial Information Analysis 3Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Balanced Scorecard (BSC)
• Financial flows only one element of equation• Operational and Human also important• BSC broadens frame of reference to include:
• Innovation and Learning perspective• Customer perspective• Business Process perspective• Financial perspective
• For each, BSC requires that Goals and appropriate Measures be established
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Financial Information Analysis 4Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
e.g. Customer Perspective
Goals• New products• Responsive
supply• Preferred
supplier• Customer
partnership
Measures• % sales from new products• On-time delivery• Ranking by key accounts• Number of co-operative
efforts
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Financial Information Analysis 5Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Implementation
• Do’s• use BSC as means of strategy implementation ensure
goals already agreed and in place
• ensure top management support
• customise as appropriate
• Don’ts• use to gain greater ‘control’
• use to impose standardisation
• fail to anticipate and deal with implementation issues
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Financial Information Analysis 6Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Economic Value Analysis
• EVA derives from economic notion of profit• less prescriptive than accounting profit• stresses cash-flow implications• uses weighted average cost of capital (WACC)
• EVA = Profit after tax and WACC• e.g. Profit £100m; Capital £200m; WACC 8%• Economic Profit = £100m - £16m = £84m• this would then be augmented by cashflow info.
• Directs resources to more “profitable” areas
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Financial Information Analysis 7Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Multi-Variate Analysis
• Integrates financial and non-financial data• Used in ‘failure prediction’ models• Altman’s Z-score (adapted by Taffler for UK)
• financial ratios to predict bankruptcy• considerable theoretical/practical problems
• Argenti’s Failure Model• failure prediction• assigns ‘scores’ under operational areas etc.
• Efficacy of these models questionable
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Financial Information Analysis 8Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Summary
• Alternative approaches have emerged in response to limited perspective of accounting
• BSC and EVA give useful additional and more holistic insights
• Best used in tandem with accounting data• Multi-variate analysis traditionally employed in
failure-prediction models• Little evidence that they are robust