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Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein 1909 Garrod : First to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical processes in the cell. Slide 2 Figure 17.1 Beadle and Tatums evidence for the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis Slide 3 ONE GENE-ONE POLYPEPTIDE HYPOTHESIS WHY POLYPEPTIDE INSTEAD OF PROTEIN? Slide 4 Figure 17.2 Overview: the roles of transcription and translation in the flow of genetic information (Layer 1) Slide 5 Figure 17.2 Overview: the roles of transcription and translation in the flow of genetic information (Layer 2) Slide 6 Figure 17.2 Overview: the roles of transcription and translation in the flow of genetic information (Layer 3) Slide 7 Figure 17.2 Overview: the roles of transcription and translation in the flow of genetic information (Layer 4) Slide 8 Figure 17.2 Overview: the roles of transcription and translation in the flow of genetic information (Layer 5) Slide 9 RNA Slide 10 Figure 17.3 The triplet code Slide 11 Figure 17.4 The dictionary of the genetic code Slide 12 TRANSCRIPTION http://www.ncc.gmu.edu/dna/transcri.htm Slide 13 Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 1) Slide 14 Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 2) Slide 15 Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 3) Slide 16 Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 4) Slide 17 Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: elongation Slide 18 Figure 17.7 The initiation of transcription at a eukaryotic promoter Slide 19 Figure 17.8 RNA processing; addition of the 5 cap and poly(A) tail Slide 20 Figure 17.9 RNA processing: RNA splicing Slide 21 Figure 17.10 The roles of snRNPs and spliceosomes in mRNA splicing Slide 22 Figure 17.11 Correspondence between exons and protein domains Slide 23 TRANSLATION http://www.ncc.gmu.edu/dna/initiati.htm Go through all the steps of translation at site Slide 24 Figure 17.12 Translation: the basic concept Slide 25 Figure 17.13a The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA) Slide 26 Figure 17.13b The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA) Slide 27 Figure 17.14 An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase joins a specific amino acid to a tRNA Slide 28 Figure 17.15 The anatomy of a functioning ribosome Slide 29 Figure 17.16 Structure of the large ribosomal subunit at the atomic level Slide 30 Figure 17.17 The initiation of translation Slide 31 Figure 17.18 The elongation cycle of translation Slide 32 Figure 17.19 The termination of translation Slide 33 Figure 17.20 Polyribosomes Slide 34 Figure 17.21 The signal mechanism for targeting proteins to the ER Slide 35 Table 17.1 Types of RNA in a Eukaryotic Cell Slide 36 Figure 17.22 Coupled transcription and translation in bacteria Slide 37 Figure 17.23 The molecular basis of sickle-cell disease: a point mutation Slide 38 Figure 17.24 Categories and consequences of point mutations: Base-pair insertion or deletion Slide 39 Figure 17.24 Categories and consequences of point mutations: Base-pair substitution Slide 40 Figure 17.25 A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell