chapter 17: moving objects: throwing, striking, and kicking kinesiology scientific basis of human...

CHAPTER 17:CHAPTER 17:MOVING OBJECTS:MOVING OBJECTS:

THROWING, STRIKING, THROWING, STRIKING, AND KICKINGAND KICKING

CHAPTER 17:CHAPTER 17:MOVING OBJECTS:MOVING OBJECTS:

THROWING, STRIKING, THROWING, STRIKING, AND KICKINGAND KICKING

KINESIOLOGYScientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & LuttgensPresentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATCHumboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

KINESIOLOGYScientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & LuttgensPresentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATCHumboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

17-217-2

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives1.1. Classify activities involving throwing, Classify activities involving throwing,

kicking, or striking patterns according to kicking, or striking patterns according to the nature of the force application.the nature of the force application.

2.2. Name and discuss anatomical and Name and discuss anatomical and mechanical factors that apply to mechanical factors that apply to throwing, kicking, or striking activities.throwing, kicking, or striking activities.

3.3. Perform a kinesiological analysis of a Perform a kinesiological analysis of a sequential throwing, kicking, or striking sequential throwing, kicking, or striking skill under each of these force skill under each of these force application conditions: momentary conditions: momentary contact; projection; continuous contact; projection; continuous application.application.

1.1. Classify activities involving throwing, Classify activities involving throwing, kicking, or striking patterns according to kicking, or striking patterns according to the nature of the force application.the nature of the force application.

2.2. Name and discuss anatomical and Name and discuss anatomical and mechanical factors that apply to mechanical factors that apply to throwing, kicking, or striking activities.throwing, kicking, or striking activities.

3.3. Perform a kinesiological analysis of a Perform a kinesiological analysis of a sequential throwing, kicking, or striking sequential throwing, kicking, or striking skill under each of these force skill under each of these force application conditions: momentary conditions: momentary contact; projection; continuous contact; projection; continuous application.application.

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SEQUENTIAL MOVEMENTSSEQUENTIAL MOVEMENTS

Movement of body segments resulting in the production of summated velocity at the end of the kinetic chain of segments.

Path produced is curvilinear. Most frequently used to produce high

velocities in external objects. Depending on objective of skill (speed,

accuracy, distance, or combination) modifications to the pattern may be made.

Movement of body segments resulting in the production of summated velocity at the end of the kinetic chain of segments.

Path produced is curvilinear. Most frequently used to produce high

velocities in external objects. Depending on objective of skill (speed,

accuracy, distance, or combination) modifications to the pattern may be made.

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Joint Action PatternsJoint Action Patterns

Each pattern involves a preparatory movement referred to as a backswing, or wind up.

This is followed by establishment of a base of support prior to initiation of the force phase.

Ends in a follow through.

Each pattern involves a preparatory movement referred to as a backswing, or wind up.

This is followed by establishment of a base of support prior to initiation of the force phase.

Ends in a follow through.

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Overarm PatternOverarm Pattern

Characterized by rotation of the shoulder joint.

Backswing: abducted arm rotates externally.

Force phase: arm rotates internally. Some elbow extension, wrist flexion, and

spinal rotation. Rotation of pelvis at the hip joint of opposite

limb, resulting in internal rotation of the thigh.

Characterized by rotation of the shoulder joint.

Backswing: abducted arm rotates externally.

Force phase: arm rotates internally. Some elbow extension, wrist flexion, and

spinal rotation. Rotation of pelvis at the hip joint of opposite

limb, resulting in internal rotation of the thigh.

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Overarm PatternOverarm Pattern

Fig 17.2Fig 17.2

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Underarm PatternUnderarm Pattern

Consists of forward movement of extended arm.

Basic joint action is arm flexion.

Consists of forward movement of extended arm.

Basic joint action is arm flexion.

Fig 17.4Fig 17.4

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Sidearm PatternSidearm Pattern Basic movement is internal rotation of

the pelvis on the opposite hip, arm usually in an abducted position.

Arm is moved forward due to pelvic and spinal rotation.

Spine laterally flexes toward throwing arm.

Elbow maintains or is extended slightly. Wrist flexion may also be part of the

action.

Basic movement is internal rotation of the pelvis on the opposite hip, arm usually in an abducted position.

Arm is moved forward due to pelvic and spinal rotation.

Spine laterally flexes toward throwing arm.

Elbow maintains or is extended slightly. Wrist flexion may also be part of the

action.

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Sidearm PatternSidearm Pattern

Fig 17.5Fig 17.5

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Kicking PatternKicking Pattern Modification of a locomotor pattern in

which force is imparted to an object during forward swing of non-weight bearing limb.

Non-kicking foot is stabilized. Pelvis is fixed over thigh & rotated toward

support leg. Kicking leg lags behind; hip abduction &

hyperextension. Kicking leg flexes at hip followed by knee

extension.

Modification of a locomotor pattern in which force is imparted to an object during forward swing of non-weight bearing limb.

Non-kicking foot is stabilized. Pelvis is fixed over thigh & rotated toward

support leg. Kicking leg lags behind; hip abduction &

hyperextension. Kicking leg flexes at hip followed by knee

extension.

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Fig 17.6Fig 17.6

Kicking PatternKicking Pattern

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Nature of Force Application

Nature of Force Application

Momentary Contact: striking and kicking. Sequential movement designed to bring Sequential movement designed to bring

aboutabout contact made with an object by a moving body part or implement.

Projection: throwing An object is given some velocity and is

released at the desired point.

Momentary Contact: striking and kicking. Sequential movement designed to bring Sequential movement designed to bring

aboutabout contact made with an object by a moving body part or implement.

Projection: throwing An object is given some velocity and is

released at the desired point.

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PRINCIPLES RELATING TO THROWING, STRIKING AND

KICKING

PRINCIPLES RELATING TO THROWING, STRIKING AND

KICKING

Anatomical Principles Muscles contract more forcefully if they

are first stretched. Unnecessary movements and tension

mean awkwardness and fatigue. Skillful performance can be developed

only by practice. Most efficient type of movement is

ballistic. Appropriate levers should be used.

Anatomical Principles Muscles contract more forcefully if they

are first stretched. Unnecessary movements and tension

mean awkwardness and fatigue. Skillful performance can be developed

only by practice. Most efficient type of movement is

ballistic. Appropriate levers should be used.

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Mechanical PrinciplesThrowing


1. The object will move only if the force is of sufficient magnitude to overcome the object’s inertia.

2. The pattern and range of joint movements depends on the purpose of the motion.

3. Force exerted by the body will be transferred to an external object in proportion to the counterforce of the feet against the ground.

1. The object will move only if the force is of sufficient magnitude to overcome the object’s inertia.

2. The pattern and range of joint movements depends on the purpose of the motion.

3. Force exerted by the body will be transferred to an external object in proportion to the counterforce of the feet against the ground.

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4. Linear velocity is imparted to external objects as a result of angular velocity of the body segments.

5. Optimum summation of internal force is needed if maximum force is to be applied to an object.

6. For a change in momentum to occur, force must be applied over time.

4. Linear velocity is imparted to external objects as a result of angular velocity of the body segments.

5. Optimum summation of internal force is needed if maximum force is to be applied to an object.

6. For a change in momentum to occur, force must be applied over time.

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7. Force applied in line with an object’s center of gravity will result in linear motion of the object.

8. If the force applied to object is not in line with it’s center of gravity, it will result in rotary motion of the object.

7. Force applied in line with an object’s center of gravity will result in linear motion of the object.

8. If the force applied to object is not in line with it’s center of gravity, it will result in rotary motion of the object.

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Striking, Hitting, and Kicking

Striking, Hitting, and Kicking

Major factors in the speed of a struck ball:

1. Speed of incoming ball & striking implement.

2. Mass of the ball & striking implement.

3. Elasticity between ball & striking implement.

4. Direction of ball & implement at impact.

5. Point of impact between ball & implement.

Major factors in the speed of a struck ball:

1. Speed of incoming ball & striking implement.

2. Mass of the ball & striking implement.

3. Elasticity between ball & striking implement.

4. Direction of ball & implement at impact.

5. Point of impact between ball & implement.

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Mechanical PrinciplesStriking, Hitting, and

Kicking


Kicking 1. The direction in which the object moves is

determined by direction of force applied.

2. Momentum is conserved in all collisions.

3. Any change in momentum in colliding objects is related to force and duration of collision.

4. The greater the velocity of the approaching ball, the greater the velocity of the ball in the opposite direction after it is struck.

1. The direction in which the object moves is determined by direction of force applied.

2. Momentum is conserved in all collisions.

3. Any change in momentum in colliding objects is related to force and duration of collision.

4. The greater the velocity of the approaching ball, the greater the velocity of the ball in the opposite direction after it is struck.

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Kicking


Kicking 5. The greater the velocity of the striking

implement at contact, the greater the velocity of the struck ball.

6. The greater the mass of the ball (up to a point) the greater its velocity after contact.

7. The greater the mass of the striking implement (up to a point) the greater the striking force, therefore the greater the speed of the ball.

5. The greater the velocity of the striking implement at contact, the greater the velocity of the struck ball.

6. The greater the mass of the ball (up to a point) the greater its velocity after contact.

7. The greater the mass of the striking implement (up to a point) the greater the striking force, therefore the greater the speed of the ball.

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Kicking


Kicking 8. The higher the coefficient of elasticity of the

ball and of the striking implement, the greater the speed of the struck ball.

9. The direction taken by the struck ball is determined by four factors: 1. Direction of striking implement at contact; 2. Relation of the striking force to ball’s center of

gravity; 3. Degree of firmness of grip and wrist at contact; 4. Laws of rebound.

8. The higher the coefficient of elasticity of the ball and of the striking implement, the greater the speed of the struck ball.

9. The direction taken by the struck ball is determined by four factors: 1. Direction of striking implement at contact; 2. Relation of the striking force to ball’s center of

gravity; 3. Degree of firmness of grip and wrist at contact; 4. Laws of rebound.

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EXAMPLES OF THROWING AND STRIKING

EXAMPLES OF THROWING AND STRIKING

Analysis of the Overarm Throw This analysis includes joint actions,

muscle activity, and mechanics of the upper extremity only.

Analysis of the Overarm Throw This analysis includes joint actions,

muscle activity, and mechanics of the upper extremity only.

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Analysis of the Overarm Throw


Backswing Places joints in optimal position and

involves the greatest number of segments in preparation for the force phase.

Includes pelvic and trunk rotation in the opposite direction, horizontal abduction and lateral rotation at shoulder joint with elbow flexion and wrist hyperextension.

Forward step taken with the opposite foot permits greatest ROM in trunk and pelvis, and a large base of support.

Backswing Places joints in optimal position and

involves the greatest number of segments in preparation for the force phase.

Includes pelvic and trunk rotation in the opposite direction, horizontal abduction and lateral rotation at shoulder joint with elbow flexion and wrist hyperextension.

Forward step taken with the opposite foot permits greatest ROM in trunk and pelvis, and a large base of support.

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Force Phase Following establishment of a base of

support, pelvis and then trunk rotation are accompanied by lateral flexion away from the ball.

Trunk motion causes increased horizontal abduction and lateral rotation at the shoulder joint.

Elbow extension is followed by rapid medial rotation at shoulder, forearm pronation, then flexion and ulnar deviation at wrist.

Ends with release of the ball.

Force Phase Following establishment of a base of

support, pelvis and then trunk rotation are accompanied by lateral flexion away from the ball.

Trunk motion causes increased horizontal abduction and lateral rotation at the shoulder joint.

Elbow extension is followed by rapid medial rotation at shoulder, forearm pronation, then flexion and ulnar deviation at wrist.

Ends with release of the ball.

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Follow-through From ball release until the

momentum in the arm can be safely dissipated as the arm continues across the body in a downward direction.

A forward step is also used.

Follow-through From ball release until the

momentum in the arm can be safely dissipated as the arm continues across the body in a downward direction.

A forward step is also used.

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Actions proceed from proximal (more massive) to distal (lighter) segments.

Momentum is transferred from more massive (proximal) to less massive (distal) segments, significantly increasing the velocity.

Linear velocity at the end of the chain (ball at release) often can exceed 90 mph.

Legs provide the stable base, contribute significantly to force production and transfer of momentum.

Actions proceed from proximal (more massive) to distal (lighter) segments.

Momentum is transferred from more massive (proximal) to less massive (distal) segments, significantly increasing the velocity.

Linear velocity at the end of the chain (ball at release) often can exceed 90 mph.

Legs provide the stable base, contribute significantly to force production and transfer of momentum.

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Shoulder Joint Actions Lateral rotation preceding the medial

rotation, controlled by eccentric contraction of medial rotators followed by concentric contraction of the same medial rotators.

Height of humerus is controlled by static contraction of middle deltoid.

Deltoid & supraspinatous contract concentrically during backswing to position upper arm, and eccentrically during the follow-through to help decelerate the arm.

Shoulder Joint Actions Lateral rotation preceding the medial

rotation, controlled by eccentric contraction of medial rotators followed by concentric contraction of the same medial rotators.

Height of humerus is controlled by static contraction of middle deltoid.

Deltoid & supraspinatous contract concentrically during backswing to position upper arm, and eccentrically during the follow-through to help decelerate the arm.

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Other Muscles Involved Biceps has peak activity as the elbow is

flexed late in backswing, at the beginning of force phase, and again during follow-through.

Latissimus dorsi, active during medial rotation, remains active eccentrically during follow-through.

Trunk rotators are also active.

Other Muscles Involved Biceps has peak activity as the elbow is

flexed late in backswing, at the beginning of force phase, and again during follow-through.

Latissimus dorsi, active during medial rotation, remains active eccentrically during follow-through.

Trunk rotators are also active.

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Stretch Reflex An important facilitating mechanism in

accelerating the lagging distal segments. The more rapid the stretch (eccentric

contraction), the greater will be the facilitating effect on the resulting concentric contraction of the same muscle.

To gain greatest benefit, no pause between wind-up and force phases.

Stretch Reflex An important facilitating mechanism in

accelerating the lagging distal segments. The more rapid the stretch (eccentric

contraction), the greater will be the facilitating effect on the resulting concentric contraction of the same muscle.

To gain greatest benefit, no pause between wind-up and force phases.

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Other Reflexes As the trunk rotates under the stationary head

(eyes focused on the target), tonic neck reflex may facilitate the strong acceleration occurring during the force phase. Asymmetric TNR facilitates chin side shoulder

abductors and elbow extensors, precisely the arm position at release.

Increased pressure on the hand and weight transfer to forward foot may produce an extensor thrust reflex. Facilitation of the lower limb extensor muscles. Facilitation of arm extensors.

Other Reflexes As the trunk rotates under the stationary head

(eyes focused on the target), tonic neck reflex may facilitate the strong acceleration occurring during the force phase. Asymmetric TNR facilitates chin side shoulder

abductors and elbow extensors, precisely the arm position at release.

Increased pressure on the hand and weight transfer to forward foot may produce an extensor thrust reflex. Facilitation of the lower limb extensor muscles. Facilitation of arm extensors.

17-3017-30

Analysis: Forehand Drive in Tennis


Description Objective is to send

the ball over the net, deep into the opponent’s court close to the base line.

Description Objective is to send

the ball over the net, deep into the opponent’s court close to the base line.

Fig 17.7Fig 17.7

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Starting Position: Player faces the net with feet about shoulder width apart, weight on the balls of the feet.

Racket is held with a hand shake grip.Backswing: Player pivots entire body so that

the non-racket side is toward the net. Racket is taken back at shoulder level,

head of racket above the wrist, face turned slightly down.

Weight is over the rear foot.

Starting Position: Player faces the net with feet about shoulder width apart, weight on the balls of the feet.

Racket is held with a hand shake grip.Backswing: Player pivots entire body so that

the non-racket side is toward the net. Racket is taken back at shoulder level,

head of racket above the wrist, face turned slightly down.

Weight is over the rear foot.

17-3217-32



Forward Swing Player flexes at the knees, drops racket

below contact point, racket head above the wrist.

Steps toward the ball with non-racket foot. Pelvis and spine rotate so trunk faces

forward, and weight is shifted to forward foot as racket is swung forward and up.

Racket face is perpendicular to court at ball impact, imparting topspin to the ball.

Forward Swing Player flexes at the knees, drops racket

below contact point, racket head above the wrist.

Steps toward the ball with non-racket foot. Pelvis and spine rotate so trunk faces

forward, and weight is shifted to forward foot as racket is swung forward and up.

Racket face is perpendicular to court at ball impact, imparting topspin to the ball.

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Analysis: Forehand Drive in TennisFollow-Through Follow-through continues toward the

intended target, with the racket arm swinging across the body and up.

Follow-Through Follow-through continues toward the

intended target, with the racket arm swinging across the body and up.

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Anatomical Factors Action is ballistic in nature. Initiated by muscular force, continued by

momentum, and terminated by the contraction of antagonistic muscles.

Chief levers: arm, trunk, and racket. Fulcrum: at opposite hip joint. Point of force application: at a point on

the pelvis representing combined forces of the muscles producing the movement.

Anatomical Factors Action is ballistic in nature. Initiated by muscular force, continued by

momentum, and terminated by the contraction of antagonistic muscles.

Chief levers: arm, trunk, and racket. Fulcrum: at opposite hip joint. Point of force application: at a point on

the pelvis representing combined forces of the muscles producing the movement.

17-3517-35



Anatomical Factors Resistance application point: at the center

of gravity of the trunk-arm-racket lever. May be considered the point of contact with

the ball at the moment of impact. Additional lever action due to rotation of

the spine, horizontal adduction at shoulder, and flexion at wrist.

Muscular Strength: shoulder abductors assisting with swing, & rotators of spine and pelvis.

Anatomical Factors Resistance application point: at the center

of gravity of the trunk-arm-racket lever. May be considered the point of contact with

the ball at the moment of impact. Additional lever action due to rotation of

the spine, horizontal adduction at shoulder, and flexion at wrist.

Muscular Strength: shoulder abductors assisting with swing, & rotators of spine and pelvis.

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Mechanical Analysis Purpose is to return ball in the court, but

also to make it difficult to return. Requires both high speed and accuracy. Force of impact: speed of racket at

moment of contact. Straight backswing: ease of control, but

must overcome inertia. Circular backswing: greater distance to

build momentum.

Mechanical Analysis Purpose is to return ball in the court, but

also to make it difficult to return. Requires both high speed and accuracy. Force of impact: speed of racket at

moment of contact. Straight backswing: ease of control, but

must overcome inertia. Circular backswing: greater distance to

build momentum.

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Mechanical Analysis Arm fully extended to increase lever

length. Effort to resist force of ball is less when

the racket lever arm is shortened. Takes less force to swing a shortened

racket lever into position. Concentration of mass at shoulder

level moving forward at impact ensures maximum speed of striking.

Mechanical Analysis Arm fully extended to increase lever

length. Effort to resist force of ball is less when

the racket lever arm is shortened. Takes less force to swing a shortened

racket lever into position. Concentration of mass at shoulder

level moving forward at impact ensures maximum speed of striking.

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Mechanical Analysis Skillful players use a heavier racket -

greater mass of implement greater striking force.

A new ball and well strung racket ensure good coefficient of elasticity.

Shift weight while striking the ball to increase ground reaction force imparted to body & ball.

Firm wrist and grip are essential for maximum impulse to be applied by the racket to the ball.

Mechanical Analysis Skillful players use a heavier racket -

greater mass of implement greater striking force.

A new ball and well strung racket ensure good coefficient of elasticity.

Shift weight while striking the ball to increase ground reaction force imparted to body & ball.

Firm wrist and grip are essential for maximum impulse to be applied by the racket to the ball.

17-3917-39



Mechanical Analysis Direction of struck ball is

determined by: Direction of implement at impact. Relation of striking force to ball’s

center of gravity (controls spin). Firmness of grip and wrist at impact. Angle of incidence.

Mechanical Analysis Direction of struck ball is

determined by: Direction of implement at impact. Relation of striking force to ball’s

center of gravity (controls spin). Firmness of grip and wrist at impact. Angle of incidence.

chapter 17: moving objects: throwing, striking, and kicking kinesiology scientific basis of human...

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