Chapter 13; Section 1 Main Ideas

Main Idea #1: The Renaissance or

Rebirth was a time of political, economic,

social, and cultural change

Main Idea #2: Renaissance Art focused

on realism, using perspective, new oil

paints

Main Idea #3: Renaissance Writing varied greatly in terms of types:

--“Machiavellian”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_Z

coR0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0

• Section 1:The Renaissance in Italy or

“rebirth” started in the 1300s

• What was the Renaissance? A time of political,

social, economic, and cultural change

– Expressing Humanism believed education should

stimulate creative powers (emphasizing the

Humanities – grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and

history)

• Italy: Cradle of the Renaissance, but it spread

over all of Europe, and transformed life

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• Renaissance Art Flowers as the main expressions were

paintings, sculpture, architecture

– Reflecting Humanist Thought portrayed religious and non-

religious figures

– Using New Artistic Thought in realism had artists using the

rules of perspective (a more real representation), shading,

new oil paints, and studied human anatomy

– Leonardo da Vinci actually studied corpses (Mona Lisa,

and The Last Supper), and his talents included botany,

anatomy, optics, music, and engineering

– Michelangelo was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect,

and poet; Famous works: David, Pieta, and the Sistine

Chapel in Rome

– Raphael was known for his gracious nature and artistic

talent (blend of classical / Christian); Famous works:

Madonna and The School of Athens

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• Writing for A New Society ranged in topic and were

guidebooks helping people

– Machiavelli’s Successful literary work, The Prince was a

guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power (end

justifies the means); The term “Machiavellian” came to

mean deceit in politics

The Prince was A

guidebook for rulers / kings.Michael Scott's Take on Machiavelli

http://www.tubechop.com/watch/3201892

Chapter 13: Section 2 Main Ideas

Main Idea #1: Northern Renaissance

(rest of Europe) occurred later due to

the black death

Main Idea #2: Gutenberg's printing

press has major impact on the

Renaissance

Main Idea #3: Northern writers wrote

in the vernacular languages

• Section 2: The Renaissance in

the North was after Rome due to

the Black Death

• The Printing Revolution by Johann

Gutenberg had major effects:

books were cheaper and easier to

produce, more people learned

how to read and write, people has

access to a broad range of

knowledge, and new ideas

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Johann Gutenberg’s Printing Press Activity…

What were some effects of

the Printing Press

Books

became

cheaper to

produce

The spread of

information

increase

Books were

easier to

produce

The common

person / peasant

now had some

access to new

ideas and

information

More people

learned how

to read and

write

• Northern Humanists and Writers stressed education and

classical learning (hoping to reform religion and morals); some

humanists began writing in vernacular languages

Shakespeare is probably most well known for his play Romeo and

Juliet (others include Othello, Twelfth Night, Macbeth, Hamlet,

etc.)

• Shakespeare Writes for All Time (37

plays) by expressing universal

themes in everyday settings, and

characters spoke the vernacular

language

"All the world's a stage, and

all the men and women

merely players: they have

their exits and their

entrances; and one man in

his time plays many parts...”

Quote from As You

Like It Act II scene 7

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Erected in 1599, The Globe was

London’s first theater built by and for

actors. As one of seven shareholders in

the company that commissioned it (not

to mention the company’s chief

playwright), Shakespeare probably had

some say in the theater’s design. He

wrote many of his plays, from Julius

Caesar on, with this venue in mind.

The Globe

Chapter 13: Section 3 Main Ideas

Main Idea #1: Reformation was caused by

church abuses and led by John Wycliffe

Main Idea #2: Martin Luther challenged

the Catholic church and started Lutheran

and Protestantism sects of Christianity

Main Idea #3: John Calvin helped to

shape the Protestant church and created

Calvinism

• Section 3: The Protestant Reformation sparked a religious upheaval

• Background to the Reformation occurred as people focused on education

and social reform (humanist ideas)

– Church Abuses: focusing on regional topics, the clergy living lavish

lives, use of indulgences, and charging more for baptisms and marriage

(people began to question the Church, especially in the north)

Indulgences were believed to be a way

people could literally “pay” for their sins, and

this would prevent them from going to

Purgatory upon their deaths

**Indulgences / Circle of Viewpoints Activity

What would the viewpoint be of the following…

The Pope: _______________

Peasant: _______________

Wealthy Landowner: _______________

Skilled Tradesman: _______________

King / Government: _______________

Men: _______________

Women: _______________

Children: _______________

• Martin Luther (German monk & professor): Catalyst of Change disgusted by corruption

– Writing the 95 Theses following Tetzel’s call for money to build the Cathedral in St. Peter in

Rome was Luther’s way to argue against indulgences (no basis in the Bible, pope had no

authority to release souls from purgatory, and Christians could be saved only through faith)

– Igniting a Firestorm occurred almost overnight as Luther’s 95 Theses was copied and

spread throughout Europe

– Luther’s Teachings: all Christians had equal access to God through faith and the Bible;

banned indulgences, confession, and pilgrimages, prayers to saints; permitted clergy to

marry, simplified mass, and emphasized sermons

– Luther’s Ideas Spread as Lutherans were now being called Protestant (“protest” papal

authority)

Unless I am convicted of error by the testimony of Scripture or since I put no trust in the unsupported authority of Pope or councils, since it is plain that they have often erred and often contradicted themselves by manifest reasoning, I stand convicted by the Scriptures to which I have appealed, and my conscience is taken captive by God’s word, I cannot and will not recant anything, for to act against our conscience is neither safe for us, nor open to us. On this I take my stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen.

Comparing Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism

Catholicism Lutheranism Calvinism

Salvation Achieve through faith

& good works

Achieved through faith God alone

predetermines who will

be saved

Sacraments Priests centered:

Baptism,

Confirmation,

Marriage, Ordination,

Communion,

Anointing the sick

Accepts some

sacraments, but rejects

other because rituals

cannot erase sin (only

God can)

Accepts some

sacraments, but

rejects other because

rituals cannot erase sin

(only God can)

Head of the

Church

Pope Elected Council Council of Elders

Importance

of the Bible

Bible & Church

Tradition (source of

truth)

Bible alone is the sole

truth

Bible alone is the sole

truth

How Belief is

Revealed

Priests interpret the

Bible and Church

teachings for the

people

People read and

interpret the Bible for

themselves

People read and

interpret the Bible for

themselves

Calvinism / See, Think, Wonder Activity

See: _________________________

Think: __________________________

Wonder: __________________________

Chapter 13: Section 4 Main Ideas

Main Idea #1: English Reformation will create the Church of England (changed from Catholic to Protestant)

Main Idea #2: Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church’s attempt increase its followers

Main Idea #3: Protestants and Catholics were intolerant of all groups except their own

• The English Reformation came about with the help of King

Henry the VIII

– Henry VIII Seeks an Annulment of his marriage to Catherine

of Aragon (only had one daughter); Henry had fallen in love

with Anne Boleyn; Pope denied his request

– Breaking With the Church Henry declared the English

Church to be under his rule, annulled his marriage, and

married Anne (had a daughter Elizabeth); Parliament passed

the Supremacy Act making Henry the supreme head of the

Church of England (declared the Church of England to be

Protestant)

– Religious Turmoil occurred as Henry VIII died, Henry’s son

Edward VI inherited the throne; Edward strengthen the

Protestant Church; Edward died and Mary Tudor became

queen and converted England back to the Catholicism

(burned many Protestant leaders at the stake for heresy)

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Wife #1

Catherine of Aragon

*Divorce

*Married at age 20

*Had 2 still births, and 2 baby

boys (died early in life)

*Had 1 girl that survived

named Mary I

Wife #3

Jane Seymour

- Died

Facts About Henry VIII

Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI

Wife #5

Catherine Howard

- Executed

Wife #2

Anne Boleyn

- Executed

Wife #4

Anne of Cleves

- Divorced

Wife #6

Catherine Parr

- Widowed

• When Henry’s daughter Elizabeth I came to power

following Mary I, she had to deal with the issue of

religion in the country

– Elizabeth used a moderate approach of introducing

reforms that solidified the Church of England

– However, her reforms still kept many Catholic

traditions intact

• The Catholic Reformation / Counter-Reformation

were an effort to bring people back to the Catholic

Church; the Catholic Church promised change, but

nothing changed.

• Widespread Persecution by Protestants & Catholics

against Anabaptists, Jews, witches

• Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread though the Catholic Church

• An Explosion of Protestant Sects occurred; Anabaptists are most notable

and Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish can all trace their religious ancestry to

the Anabaptists

What does the painting

suggest was a NEW

way toward salvation

that Protestants

practiced?

Handmade oil painting

reproduction of A

Philadelphia Anabaptist

Immersion during a

Storm, a painting by

Pavel Petrovich Svinin.

Chapter 13: Section 5 Main IdeasMain Idea #1: Scientific Revolution used mathematics to prove

laws governed nature and the universe

Main Idea #2…

Heliocentric Theory - sun is center of universe (proven using math)

vs.

Geocentric Theory - earth is center of the universe

Main Idea #3: Scientific Method was developed (7 step method)

Main Idea #4: Breakthroughs in Chemistry and Medicine included the study of the human body, discovery of elements, study of gravity and calculus

• Section 5: The Scientific Revolution assumed mathematical

laws governed the universe

• Changing Views of the Universe: What is the center of the

universe?

– Copernicus Challenges Ancient Astronomy were published

in the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (proposed

heliocentric theory – sun was the center of the universe);

Brahe meticulously kept records for years of the night sky

(giving statistical support to Copernicus); Kepler used

Brahe’s data proved the orbits were an ellipse (again, more

data supporting Copernicus)

– Galileo’s “Heresies” tried to discourage his findings dealing

with Jupiter’s moons (phases and orbits); the Church put

Galileo under house arrest, and made him state publicly in

court the earth was the center of the universe (legend has it

he mutter, “And yet it moves” as he left the court)

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History Channel: Galileo

Galileo

Moon landing

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7A-cJGlDgAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L55jImEhNZ0

• A New Scientific Methods emerged based on observation and experimentation

– Bacon and Descartes: Focused on how truth is determined and challenged

Medieval Universities; Argued truth is NOT known at the beginning of inquiry but

rather at the end (after investigation)

• Bacon stressed experimentation and observation

• Descartes emphasized human reasoning; Concluded doubt was the only

thing he could not question, and that in order to doubt he had to exist as a

rational, thinking being (“I think, therefore I am”)

– A Step-by-Step Process of the Scientific Method developed into a 7 steps

• State the Problem; Gather information; Hypothesis; Experiment to test the

hypothesis; Record, and analyze data; Draw conclusions; Share data, and

answer questions

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• Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry in the 1500s and 1600s are still used

today

– Exploring the Human Body was studied by many people

• Vesalius published On the Structure of he Human Body

• French physician Ambroise Pare developed an ointment for preventing

infections, developed surgical techniques, and artificial limbs

• William Harvey, an English scholar, found the heart serves as a pump

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope

– Transforming Chemistry or alchemy was developed as Boyle established the

idea of elements, chemical compounds, and effects of temperature and pressure

Sketch taken from

Vesalius’s book

The Fabrica. (1543)

Sketch of Para’s prosthetic

hand & an actual prosthetic leg

William Harvey

• Isaac Newton Links the Sciences as he used mathematics to support his

theory of gravity, wrote about how nature has laws (math can explain

them), which helped to create calculus (explain his laws)

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