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Chapter 17 Sections 3 and 4 The Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation

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John Calvin in Geneva John Calvin was 12 years old when Luther went to trial at Worms He was raised in France, but soon came to Geneva, Switzerland, which was a crossroads for all these new ideas on Christianity

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Background of John Calvin In 1536, John Calvin wrote his book and came up with his core belief of Predestination Predestination was Calvins belief that the moment you are born, God has already decided if you are going to Heaven or Hell.

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Calvin and Predestination Bible study is important but leadership is needed Predestination Salvation was already determined, good works cannot change that

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Geneva Calvins City Calvins religious theories were accepted so well that he became leader of Geneva Thus, Calvin ran a rare government known as a Theocracy where a government is run by religious leaders in Geneva

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Calvinism Spreads: Huguenots Calvins religious theories also gained a following in other places in Europe: In France, his followers are known as Huguenots and many went to Colonial America due to religious persecution by the Catholic Majority and King

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Calvinism Spreads: Presbyterians Calvinism also spreads to Scotland where John Knox is the person who brings Calvinism there Scottish Calvinists are known as Presbyterians It also spreads to the Netherlands, North America and other places.

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Other Reformers of the Reformation Anabaptists were Christians believed that only adults should be baptized. They were hated by the Protestants and the Catholics for being too radical They are the forerunners to Quaker, Baptists, Mennonites, and the Amish today.

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Women of the Reformation Women played an important role in the Reformation Some as protectors for Reformation thinkers like Marguerite of Navarre, the sister of the Queen of France, with John Calvin

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Women of the Reformation Others, like Luthers wife Katherina, played a huge role behind the scenes Katerina Luther raised the couples six children and their relationship was a model for all

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The Catholic Reformation Also known as the Counter-Reformation, The Catholic church finally recognized they needed to change As always, change began with the Catholic Church through brilliant and admirable people such as Ignatius Loyola

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The Catholic Reformation Ignatius Loyola started a new religious order known as The Society of Jesus in 1514 The Society of Jesus members are known as Jesuits The Jesuits become a huge force in Catholic theology and education

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Reforming Popes The Counter Reformation also saw the appearance of new reforming Popes The best Pope of this era was Pope Paul III from 1534- 1549

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Council of Trent Among other reforms such as investigating church abuses such as indulgences, approving the Jesuit order, and sending out a church court, Pope Paul III set up The Council of Trent This was an assembly of Catholic Bishops, Cardinals, and Paul to meet and agree/ confirm Catholic beliefs and doctrines

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Council of Trent The 1 st agreement was that the Catholic interpretation of the bible was FINAL Any Christian who substituted an interpretation is a HERETIC!!!

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Council of Trent Second, Christians NEED BOTH Faith and Good Works to get into heaven, disputing Luthers Bible Alone and Calvins Predestination theories. Third, the Bible AND the Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian Life, disputing the idea of the Bible Alone

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Another Reforming Pope Another reforming Pope was Paul IV who carried out the Council of Trents decrees In 1559, he had church officials draw up a list of books dangerous to the Catholic faith From this list, Catholic Bishops gathered thousands of books and burned them in bonfires.

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Legacy of the Reformation Even though attacked, viciously by Catholic nobles armies and by the Catholic Church, Protestant Churches flourished As Church power declined, individual monarchs and states gained power giving birth to many modern nations The Reformation laid the groundwork for a shift from Christian beliefs to belief in ones nation, from belief in the Pope to belief into political leaders.