Chapter 17: The Last West & The New South, 1865-1900

The Frontier Indian WarsFarming Frontier

A. American Issues

People

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The region between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains;

many people believed it to be uninhabitable because it was so dry

What is the Great American Desert

Rich deposits of silver were discovered in Nevada in 1859

What is Comstock Lode

American historian who claimed that the population would continue to expand as long as there was land

available to move into

Who is Frederick Jackson Turner

The broad expanse of flat land, west of the Mississippi and east of the Rocky

Mountains

What is the Great Plains

This territory was once set aside for Native Americans but was thrown

open for American settlement in 1889

What is the Oklahoma Territory

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull

and Crazy Horse here

What is Little Big Horn

He led the Nez Perce North during hostilities between the tribe and the

United States Army in 1877

Who is Chief Joseph

The Sioux, convinced they had been made invincible by magic, were

massacred by US troops here

What is Wounded Knee

This act tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land;

designed to forestall growing Indian poverty, it resulted in many Indians

losing their land to speculators

What is the Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Reversal of the Dawes Severalty Act, it secured certain rights to

Native Americans and returned the power of self-government on a tribal

basis

What is the Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

This invention helped to fence in cattle in the vast open spaces of the Great

Plains, where lumber was scarce

What is barbed wire

A system in which farmers borrowed money against their crops, using their

harvests as a payment on the debt

What is the Crop Lien System

A movement that began with farmers who were angered by prices and other alienating conditions; they would ally

to create a national alliance that fought for farmers’ rights

What is the National Grange Movement

It is the large-scale production of goods and crops to be sold to the

public

What is commercial farming

This act required railroads to be “reasonable and just;” a five-member

board was created to monitor the business operation of carriers

transporting goods between the states

What is the Interstate Commerce Act (1886)

These created a caste system in the south, included laws that would prevent blacks from voting and

create segregated facilities

What are Jim Crow Laws

This clause allowed blacks to vote on the basis that their grandfather had had the right to vote as well; a method of preventing African Americans from

voting

What is the Grandfather Clause

Organized by Booker T Washington, established 320 chapters across the United States to support businesses

owned and operated by African Americans

What is the National Negro Business League

Cases in which the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not pass

legislation against the racial discrimination practiced by private

citizens (included railroads, hotels, and other public businesses)

What are the Civil Rights Cases of 1883

1896 landmark case; the Court held up a Louisiana law requiring

“separate but equal accommodations” and that it did not violate the 14th

amendment

What is Plessy v. Ferguson

Former slave who graduated from Hampton Institute, established an

industrial and agricultural school in Tuskegee, Alabama, which became the

largest and best-known industrial school in the nation

Who is Booker T Washington

He formed the International Migration Society in 1894 with the goal to help black Americans emigrate to Africa

Who is Henry Turner

A black chemist and director of agriculture at Tuskegee Institute;

invented many new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soy beans

Who is George Washington Carver

She was the editor of a black newspaper, campaigned against

lynching and Jim Crow laws; death threats and destruction of her printing

press forced her to carry on her work in the north

Who is Ida B Wells

She was a muckraker whose book, A Century of Dishonor, exposed the unjust manner in which the United States government had treated the Indians, and protested the Dawes

Severalty Act

Who is Helen Hunt Jackson

Frontier Restrictions

This act, passed in 1834, banned any white citizen from passing into Indian

country without a license

What is the Indian Intercourse Act