CHAPTER 18 AND 19 TEST REVIEW

#1• a. Shear Stress- stress that goes side-by-side (transform)

• b. Focus- point underground where earthquake happens

• c. Epicenter- point above ground directly above focus

• d. Fault- break in Earth’s crust caused by stress; brittle strain

• e. Compression- stress that pushes inward (convergent)

• f. Tension- stress that pulls apart (divergent)

#2• Seismic Waves• Body Waves •Primary (P) Waves & Secondary (S) Waves

• Surface•Love Waves & Rayleigh Waves

#3

• P-Waves, S-Waves, Love, Rayleigh

#4

•Surface waves. Because they are slow moving and on the surface.

#5

•P- Compression; back and forth (like a slinky)

•S- Shear; Side-to side •Love- up and down/side-to-side

•Rayleigh- rolling (seawave)

#6

•San Andreas

#7

•New Madrid

#8

•San Francisco

#9

•Alaska

#10

•Richter- measures magnitude (amount of energy released)

•Modified Mercalli- measures intensity (amount of damage)

•Both measure Earthquakes• Richter is more accurate

#11

•Convergent boundaries with subduction

•Hot spots

#12•A. Transform boundary (earthquakes), shear stress, and strike-slip fault.

•B. Convergent boundary (mountains, volcanoes, and deep sea trenches, compressional stress, and reverse fault.

•C. Divergent boundary (mid-ocean ridges), tensional stress, and normal fault.

#13

•A. Krakatau•B. Tambora•C. Yellowstone•D. Mt. St. Helens•E. Vesuvius

#14

•Supervolcano, composite/stratovolcano, cinder cone, and shield

#15

•V.E.I. Volcano Explosivity Index

•Goes to 8

#16•A. Pyroclastic Flow- gas, extreme heat and fragments that erupt from a volcano. Fast moving and deadly!!

•B. Lahar- A landslide or mudflow of volcanic fragments on the flanks of a volcano

•C. Tephra- Rock fragments thrown up into the air during an eruption

•D. AA- Jagged and sharp cooled lava from Hawaiian shield volcanoes.

#16 Cont. •E. Pahoehoe- Lava that forms a ropy texture when cooled. Also, from a Hawaiian shield volcano.

•F. Hot Spot- Hot region of Earth’s mantle where-high temperature mantle material rise towards the surface. Hawaii

•G. Fissure- Long crack in the crust where magma upwells

•H. Caldera-alarge depression at the top of the volcano.

#17

•Short term- pyroclastic flow, volcanic ash/debris, lahar, and falling building.

•Long term- climate change, toxic gas, and infertile land.

#18

•River Glen= 1,800•Sandpoint= 2,000•Travis City= 1,600•Epicenter= Yalco•More accurate and gives you just one location.

#19

•A. Hot spot= shield volcanoes•B. Subduction= composite of stratovolcano

#20

•Mexico- Paricutin