Chapter 18 Slide 1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Critical Issues for the Twenty-First Century: Globalization, the Environment, Africa, and International Economic Reform

Chapter 17

Chapter 18 Slide 2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Global Interdependence and the Growth of Third World Markets LDCs have long been dependent on

developed countries Developed countries are increasingly

dependent on LDCs for– natural resources and raw materials– markets for developed-country products

Chapter 18 Slide 3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 18 Slide 4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Global Environmental Threat: Greenhouse Gases and Ozone Depletion Pollutants and their consequences for

the global environment MDC and LDC contributions to

greenhouse gases

Chapter 18 Slide 5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 18 Slide 6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 18.1 Energy Consumption Per Capita, 1995

Chapter 18 Slide 7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 18.2 Trends in Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Chapter 18 Slide 8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Global Environmental Threat: Greenhouse Gases and Ozone Depletion Pollutants and their consequences for the

global environment MDC and LDC contributions to

greenhouse gases Rain forest preservation as a public good:

who should pay? Searching for solutions: the 1992 and

1997 summits

Chapter 18 Slide 9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Economic Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa

Economic dimensions of the problem: over the 1980s– Per capita output and consumption fell by more

than 40%– Investment and exports fell by about 30%– Per capita food production fell, poverty rates rose– Total external debt more than doubled

Overall economic growth lagged behind that in other regions

The 1990s were not been much better

Chapter 18 Slide 10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 18 Slide 11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Economic Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa Economic dimensions of the problem Social dimensions of the problem

– declines in school enrollments– AIDS

Chapter 18 Slide 12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Economic Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa Causes of the crisis are many and

varied, but include– drought– low commodity prices– reduced foreign aid– poor government policies– rapid population growth

Chapter 18 Slide 13Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Globalization and International Financial Reform National economies are increasingly

integrated into the global economy Globalization has three main effects:

– a lessening of the power and influence of individual nation-states, esp. in the developing world

– an increased risk of financial instability– an increase in illegal immigration from the

South to the North

Chapter 18 Slide 14Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Globalization and International Financial Reform, cont’d Commonly-mention reforms include:

– debt relief for LDCs– the creation of new LDC-funding sources,

such as the Tobin tax– the creation of new international

institutions, such as a world central bank– reform of the IMF and the World Bank

Chapter 18 Slide 15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Concepts for Review

Absorptive capacity Agenda 21 AIDS Biodiversity Earth summit Global commons Global factories

Globalization Global warming Greenhouse gases Human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Ozone depletion