Chapter 19Chapter 19

A Revolution in Politics:A Revolution in Politics:The Era of the French The Era of the French

Revolution and NapoleonRevolution and Napoleon

The War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)The War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)Habsburg Emperor Charles VI unable to produce male heirHabsburg Emperor Charles VI unable to produce male heir

spent his reign negotiating the spent his reign negotiating the Pragmatic SanctionPragmatic Sanction to ensure to ensure European powers accepted Maria Theresa (daughter) as heirEuropean powers accepted Maria Theresa (daughter) as heir

Pragmatic Sanction only lasted as long as Charles VI did Pragmatic Sanction only lasted as long as Charles VI did – Frederick II invaded Austrian SilesiaFrederick II invaded Austrian Silesia– France joined Prussia for chance to war with AustriaFrance joined Prussia for chance to war with Austria

– Maria Theresa made an alliance w/ Great BritainMaria Theresa made an alliance w/ Great Britain (fearing French dominance in continental affairs)(fearing French dominance in continental affairs)

War had become a world wide affairWar had become a world wide affair– Europe: Prussia took Silesia and France occupied Austrian NetherlandsEurope: Prussia took Silesia and France occupied Austrian Netherlands– Asia: France took Madras in India from BritishAsia: France took Madras in India from British– North America: Britain captured Louisbourg on the St. Lawrence R.North America: Britain captured Louisbourg on the St. Lawrence R.

By 1748, all parties were exhausted & agreed to stopBy 1748, all parties were exhausted & agreed to stop– Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) promised to return all seized territories Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) promised to return all seized territories

but Silesia to their rightful ownersbut Silesia to their rightful owners– Guaranteed another war between at least Prussia & AustriaGuaranteed another war between at least Prussia & Austria

The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss of SilesiaMaria Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia– working diplomatically through her foreign minister to separate working diplomatically through her foreign minister to separate

Prussia from its ally, FrancePrussia from its ally, France– Continued to build the military to prepare for warContinued to build the military to prepare for war

Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry had been a fact of political life in Europe Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry had been a fact of political life in Europe since the 16since the 16thth century century– New concerns and rivalries outweighed old onesNew concerns and rivalries outweighed old ones

Colonial empires (Britain v. France), holdings in Europe Colonial empires (Britain v. France), holdings in Europe (Prussia v. Austria)(Prussia v. Austria)

France allied with AustriaFrance allied with Austria

Russia joined the alliance because Prussia was a threat to Russia joined the alliance because Prussia was a threat to interests in Europeinterests in Europe

Britain allied with Prussia against the othersBritain allied with Prussia against the others

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 led to another worldwide warDiplomatic Revolution of 1756 led to another worldwide war– Once again had 3 major areas of conflict: Europe, India, & N. America Once again had 3 major areas of conflict: Europe, India, & N. America

Battlefields of the Seven Years’ WarBattlefields of the Seven Years’ War

Conflict in EuropeConflict in Europeclash of two major alliancesclash of two major alliances– France, Austria, & RussiaFrance, Austria, & Russia– Great Britain & PrussiaGreat Britain & Prussia

Frederick the Great was able to defeat the combined forces of his Frederick the Great was able to defeat the combined forces of his enemies, but under attack from 3 directions gradually wore downenemies, but under attack from 3 directions gradually wore down– saved from total defeat when the Tsarina Elizabeth died & her saved from total defeat when the Tsarina Elizabeth died & her

nephew Peter III took controlnephew Peter III took control– Peter withdrew Russia from the conflict & all Prussian landsPeter withdrew Russia from the conflict & all Prussian lands– turned a hopeless situation into a stalemate vs. France & Austriaturned a hopeless situation into a stalemate vs. France & Austria– European conflict ended by European conflict ended by Peace of Hubertsburg (1763)Peace of Hubertsburg (1763)

all seized territories were returned & Austria recognized Prussian control all seized territories were returned & Austria recognized Prussian control of Silesiaof Silesia

War in IndiaWar in IndiaFrance returned Madras to Britain after the War of SuccessionFrance returned Madras to Britain after the War of Successionjockeying for power in Asia continuedjockeying for power in Asia continuedRobert Clive led British forces to victory in India through Robert Clive led British forces to victory in India through persistencepersistenceby the by the Treaty of Paris 1763Treaty of Paris 1763, France withdrew & left India to British, France withdrew & left India to British

The French and Indian WarThe French and Indian Wargreatest conflict of Seven Years’ War was in North Americagreatest conflict of Seven Years’ War was in North Americapoints of contentionpoints of contention– Gulf of St. LawrenceGulf of St. Lawrence– unsettled Ohio River valleyunsettled Ohio River valley

French moved south along the Mississippi & established forts French moved south along the Mississippi & established forts from the Appalachians to the Mississippi Riverfrom the Appalachians to the Mississippi River– French movement threatened British expansionFrench movement threatened British expansion– French found allies among the Native AmericansFrench found allies among the Native Americans

Indians saw French traders as less threatening than British settlersIndians saw French traders as less threatening than British settlers

– initial French successinitial French success– several British naval victories in 1759, gave Britain an advantage, several British naval victories in 1759, gave Britain an advantage,

since France’s success depended on naval reinforcementsince France’s success depended on naval reinforcement

British victories followed, went on to seize Quebec, Montreal, the British victories followed, went on to seize Quebec, Montreal, the Great Lakes region, & Ohio ValleyGreat Lakes region, & Ohio ValleySettled by Settled by Treaty of Paris (1763)Treaty of Paris (1763)– France lost Canada & all holdings east of Mississippi R.France lost Canada & all holdings east of Mississippi R.– Spain ceded Florida to G.B., France gave Louis. Terr. to SpainSpain ceded Florida to G.B., France gave Louis. Terr. to Spain

Beginning of the Revolutionary Era:Beginning of the Revolutionary Era:The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

After Seven Years’ War, British looked for ways to obtain new After Seven Years’ War, British looked for ways to obtain new revenues from 13 colonies to pay expenses for defending the revenues from 13 colonies to pay expenses for defending the colonists (ex. colonists (ex. Stamp Act 1765Stamp Act 1765))

Basic Policy ProblemBasic Policy Problem::– Britain envisioned single empire w/ Parliament as supreme authorityBritain envisioned single empire w/ Parliament as supreme authority

only Parliament could make policy for all people in empireonly Parliament could make policy for all people in empire

– Colonists had their own representative assembliesColonists had their own representative assembliesbelieved king & Parliament had no right to interfere w/ internal affairs or believed king & Parliament had no right to interfere w/ internal affairs or levy taxes w/o consent of the representative assemblylevy taxes w/o consent of the representative assembly

July 4, 1776 – Second Continental Congress approved Thomas July 4, 1776 – Second Continental Congress approved Thomas Jefferson’s Jefferson’s Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence– affirmed the Enlightenment ideas of natural rights of “life, liberty, & the affirmed the Enlightenment ideas of natural rights of “life, liberty, & the

pursuit of happiness”pursuit of happiness”– declared the colonies to be declared the colonies to be “free and independent states absolved of “free and independent states absolved of

all allegiance to the British crown”all allegiance to the British crown”

American War for IndependenceAmerican War for Independence22ndnd Cont. Congress authorized a Continental Army under George Cont. Congress authorized a Continental Army under George WashingtonWashington

Washington logical choice as commander in chiefWashington logical choice as commander in chief– military experience in French & Indian Warmilitary experience in French & Indian War– political experience in Virginiapolitical experience in Virginia– a southerner brought balance to effort that had been focused in New a southerner brought balance to effort that had been focused in New

EnglandEngland

War was not simple choice for colonistsWar was not simple choice for colonists– 15-30% of pop. 15-30% of pop. LoyalistsLoyalists – questioned the rebellion – questioned the rebellion– 15-30% were Patriots – pushed rebellion15-30% were Patriots – pushed rebellion– most colonists were apathetic at beginning of the warmost colonists were apathetic at beginning of the war

Foreign support from enemies of Britain important from the beginningForeign support from enemies of Britain important from the beginning– France gave money & arms to rebels as revenge for previous British France gave money & arms to rebels as revenge for previous British

defeatsdefeats

Cornwallis surrenders to Washington at Yorktown 1781Cornwallis surrenders to Washington at Yorktown 1781

Treaty of Paris signed 1783Treaty of Paris signed 1783

Americans now control the western territory to the Mississippi RiverAmericans now control the western territory to the Mississippi River

Forming a New Nation & Impact on EuropeForming a New Nation & Impact on Europefear of concentrated power and concern for individual interests caused fear of concentrated power and concern for individual interests caused little enthusiasm for a united nationlittle enthusiasm for a united nation1781 – Articles of Confederation ratified1781 – Articles of Confederation ratified1787 – delegates meet to revise A. of C., scrap it & devise new 1787 – delegates meet to revise A. of C., scrap it & devise new constitutionconstitution1788 - United States Constitution approved1788 - United States Constitution approved1789 – Congress proposed 12 amendments to Constitution1789 – Congress proposed 12 amendments to Constitution– will only be ratified if “certain liberties” can be guaranteedwill only be ratified if “certain liberties” can be guaranteed– first 10 approved became Bill of Rightsfirst 10 approved became Bill of Rights– many of the rights were derived from the natural rights philosophies of the many of the rights were derived from the natural rights philosophies of the

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Europeans saw the A.R. as embodiment of the Enlightenment theoriesEuropeans saw the A.R. as embodiment of the Enlightenment theories– premise of the Enlightenment seemed confirmedpremise of the Enlightenment seemed confirmed– a new age & better world could be achieveda new age & better world could be achieved– many Europeans received information about America from returning soldiersmany Europeans received information about America from returning soldiers

In long run, A.R. much less important than the French RevolutionIn long run, A.R. much less important than the French Revolution– F.R. more complex, more violent, & far more radicalF.R. more complex, more violent, & far more radical– F.R. remains the political movement that inaugurated the modern political F.R. remains the political movement that inaugurated the modern political

worldworld

Background to the French RevolutionBackground to the French RevolutionSocial StructureSocial Structure

First Estate - clergyFirst Estate - clergy– 130,000 people130,000 people– owned 10% of landowned 10% of land– exempt from exempt from tailletaille– High clergy stemmed from aristocratic High clergy stemmed from aristocratic

families, priests came from lower familiesfamilies, priests came from lower familiesSecond Estate – aristocracySecond Estate – aristocracy– 350,000 people350,000 people– owned 25-35% of landowned 25-35% of land– exempt from exempt from tailletaille– still played a major in French politicsstill played a major in French politics

Third Estate – commonersThird Estate – commoners– 26.5 million people, owned 30-40% of land26.5 million people, owned 30-40% of land– obligations to local landlords from feudal sys.obligations to local landlords from feudal sys.– 2.3 million bourgeoisie (middle class), 25% 2.3 million bourgeoisie (middle class), 25%

landland– over the 18over the 18thth century, 6,500 bourgeoisie century, 6,500 bourgeoisie

families became nobility, changing classesfamilies became nobility, changing classes– Commoners, burdened by taxes, came to Commoners, burdened by taxes, came to

resent members of the 1resent members of the 1stst & 2 & 2ndnd Estates that Estates that didn’t pay taxesdidn’t pay taxes

Problems Facing the MonarchyProblems Facing the MonarchyLong range causes of revolution rooted in frustration at monarchy’s inability to Long range causes of revolution rooted in frustration at monarchy’s inability to deal w/ new social realities & problemsdeal w/ new social realities & problems

Bad harvests in 1787 & 1788 and manufacturing depression led to rise in food Bad harvests in 1787 & 1788 and manufacturing depression led to rise in food costs & unemploymentcosts & unemployment

Ideas of PhilosophesIdeas of Philosophes

increased criticism of privileges, social & political institutionsincreased criticism of privileges, social & political institutions

did not advocate revolution, but as Revolution began many quoted did not advocate revolution, but as Revolution began many quoted Enlightenment writers like Rousseau Enlightenment writers like Rousseau

Failure to Make ReformsFailure to Make Reforms

Noble judges ran Parlementary courts, refusing to register royal edictsNoble judges ran Parlementary courts, refusing to register royal edicts

““defended” liberty by blocking monarch’s power, but pushed their own defended” liberty by blocking monarch’s power, but pushed their own interestsinterests

Financial CrisisFinancial Crisis

immediate cause of F.R. was a near financial collapseimmediate cause of F.R. was a near financial collapse

Govt. borrowed so much money, by 1788 – ½ govt. spending was to loan Govt. borrowed so much money, by 1788 – ½ govt. spending was to loan interestinterest

1789: needed to raise taxes, called Estates General (had not met since 1614)1789: needed to raise taxes, called Estates General (had not met since 1614)

crown essentially admitted that it needed permission of estates to raise taxescrown essentially admitted that it needed permission of estates to raise taxes

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionFrom Estates-General to National AssemblyFrom Estates-General to National Assembly

opened on May 5, 1789, had not met since 1614opened on May 5, 1789, had not met since 1614– 1614: each estate had 300 delegates & each estate had 1 vote1614: each estate had 300 delegates & each estate had 1 vote

Split from beginning about how to vote (by estate or by individual)Split from beginning about how to vote (by estate or by individual)– Louis XVI agreed to double # of 3Louis XVI agreed to double # of 3rdrd Estate delegates, but didn’t say how voting Estate delegates, but didn’t say how voting

would take placewould take place– 11stst & 2 & 2ndnd Estates wanted to vote by Estate, 3 Estates wanted to vote by Estate, 3rdrd wanted individual votes wanted individual votes

Ceremonial annoyances begin to perturb 3Ceremonial annoyances begin to perturb 3rdrd Estate Estate– Can not sit in king’s presenceCan not sit in king’s presence– Can not wear hat in king’s presenceCan not wear hat in king’s presence– Only ½ of a set of French doors open for 3Only ½ of a set of French doors open for 3rdrd Estate delegates Estate delegates

Louis gave no indication to E.G. how to function or what to doLouis gave no indication to E.G. how to function or what to do– 33rdrd Estate refuses to begin unless all delegates meet in 1 hall & vote by head Estate refuses to begin unless all delegates meet in 1 hall & vote by head– Higher Estates blame “commoners” for “holding things up” (52 day stand-off)Higher Estates blame “commoners” for “holding things up” (52 day stand-off)

June 17June 17thth, 1789 – 3, 1789 – 3rdrd Estate voted itself a National Assembly and draw up a Estate voted itself a National Assembly and draw up a constitutionconstitution– On June 20, 3On June 20, 3rdrd Estate arrives at meeting hall to find it locked, move down street Estate arrives at meeting hall to find it locked, move down street

into nearby indoor tennis courts & vow to keep meeting until they finish a into nearby indoor tennis courts & vow to keep meeting until they finish a constitution. (Tennis Court Oath)constitution. (Tennis Court Oath)

The revolution essentially began w/ The revolution essentially began w/ Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath– mainly driven by 3mainly driven by 3rdrd Estate lawyers Estate lawyers– 33rdrd Estate had no authority to form National Assembly Estate had no authority to form National Assembly– Louis prepared to use force to “end nonsense”Louis prepared to use force to “end nonsense”

Revolts in urban & rural areas drew Louis XVI’s attention from the Revolts in urban & rural areas drew Louis XVI’s attention from the 33rdrd Estate during July and August Estate during July and August– Common people used the name of the 3Common people used the name of the 3rdrd Estate to wage war on the Estate to wage war on the

richrich

Paris: mob activity was so bad, the people of Paris the “Permanent Paris: mob activity was so bad, the people of Paris the “Permanent Committee” to keep orderCommittee” to keep order– Needed weapons, so organized a popular force & took the royal Needed weapons, so organized a popular force & took the royal

armoryarmory– July 14July 14thth, attacked the Bastille (former state prison used as an armory), attacked the Bastille (former state prison used as an armory)

only contained 7 prisoners when it was stormedonly contained 7 prisoners when it was stormed

more symbolic than important, but saved the National Assemblymore symbolic than important, but saved the National Assembly

citizen’s militia became the National Guard, led by Marquis de citizen’s militia became the National Guard, led by Marquis de LafayetteLafayette

The Great FearThe Great Fear

late July – tight time for farmers, most out of food stores, not late July – tight time for farmers, most out of food stores, not ready to harvest new cropready to harvest new crop– hail storm in July 1788 destroyed most of that year’s crop, famine hail storm in July 1788 destroyed most of that year’s crop, famine

imminent imminent

Peasants fear that nobles will resort to burning crops to end Peasants fear that nobles will resort to burning crops to end revolutionrevolution– Great Fear: 7/19 - 8/3/1789 radical peasants begin burning leases, Great Fear: 7/19 - 8/3/1789 radical peasants begin burning leases,

forced lords to renounce dues & tithes and some resort to violenceforced lords to renounce dues & tithes and some resort to violence

Destruction of the Old RegimeDestruction of the Old Regime

33rdrd Estate realizes that they own land & fear peasants coming Estate realizes that they own land & fear peasants coming after themafter them

Aug. 4, 1789 – National Assembly renounces privileges (hunting Aug. 4, 1789 – National Assembly renounces privileges (hunting rights, etc.) titles & feudal duesrights, etc.) titles & feudal dues

Aug 26 – adopted the Aug 26 – adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the CitizenCitizen (p. 542) (p. 542)– reflected ideas of the philosophes & owed much to the American reflected ideas of the philosophes & owed much to the American

DeclarationDeclaration

Louis XVI remained inactive at VersaillesLouis XVI remained inactive at Versailles– He did refuse to support the abolition of feudal taxes & the declaration He did refuse to support the abolition of feudal taxes & the declaration

of rightsof rights

Oct. 5, 1789Oct. 5, 1789 – mob of Parisian women (and the Nat’l Guard) march on – mob of Parisian women (and the Nat’l Guard) march on Versailles demanding bread & the king’s return to ParisVersailles demanding bread & the king’s return to Paris– Louis complies on Oct. 6, bringing flour from palace stores in good willLouis complies on Oct. 6, bringing flour from palace stores in good will– He then accepted the N.A.’s decreesHe then accepted the N.A.’s decrees– King essentially prisoner in ParisKing essentially prisoner in Paris

17911791 – Nat’l Assembly had new constitution, Legislative Assembly – Nat’l Assembly had new constitution, Legislative Assembly (L.A.) & a limited monarchy(L.A.) & a limited monarchy– 1789 – Nat’l Assembly abolished all local & provincial divisions & 1789 – Nat’l Assembly abolished all local & provincial divisions &

divided France into 83 departments (roughly equal in size & pop.)divided France into 83 departments (roughly equal in size & pop.)– each department divided into districts & communes and run by each department divided into districts & communes and run by

elected officials (most offices went to bourgeoisie, not nobles)elected officials (most offices went to bourgeoisie, not nobles)Nat’l Assembly faced opposition from within (Jacobins p.544 & sec B 5)Nat’l Assembly faced opposition from within (Jacobins p.544 & sec B 5)

Aug 1791Aug 1791 – Austria & Prussia invite European monarchs to take – Austria & Prussia invite European monarchs to take action to put the king of France back on the throneaction to put the king of France back on the throne– European monarchs too suspicious of each other to actEuropean monarchs too suspicious of each other to act– Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria (Aug. 1792) & fared poorlyLegislative Assembly declared war on Austria (Aug. 1792) & fared poorly– radicals in Paris attacked royal palace & L.A. call for a nat’l conventionradicals in Paris attacked royal palace & L.A. call for a nat’l convention

Radical RevolutionRadical RevolutionSan-culottes, led by San-culottes, led by George DantonGeorge Danton, sought revenge on those who , sought revenge on those who had aided the king and resisted popular will (had aided the king and resisted popular will (September MassacresSeptember Massacres))– thousands of presumed traitors arrested & executedthousands of presumed traitors arrested & executed

ordinary tradesmen & artisans solved overcrowding in prisonsordinary tradesmen & artisans solved overcrowding in prisons

Nat’l Convention met in September 1792Nat’l Convention met in September 1792– called to draft new constitution, also served as ruling body of Francecalled to draft new constitution, also served as ruling body of France– dominated by lawyers & professionals, also included artisansdominated by lawyers & professionals, also included artisans– 2/3 of deputies under 45 yrs.2/3 of deputies under 45 yrs.– most had political experience as result of F.R.most had political experience as result of F.R.

First step was to abolish monarchy & establish a republic (First step was to abolish monarchy & establish a republic (9/21/17929/21/1792))

Factions formed over fate of king, both were from the JacobinsFactions formed over fate of king, both were from the Jacobins– Girondists: mod. Republicans, wanted to keep king aliveGirondists: mod. Republicans, wanted to keep king alive– Mountain: rad. Republicans, wanted the king executedMountain: rad. Republicans, wanted the king executed

The Mountain won out. The Mountain won out. Jan 21, 1793Jan 21, 1793 – Louis XVI was beheaded – Louis XVI was beheaded– Marie Antoinette followed, Louis XVII died in prisonMarie Antoinette followed, Louis XVII died in prison– created new enemies at home & abroad while strengthening old enemiescreated new enemies at home & abroad while strengthening old enemies

A Nation in ArmsA Nation in Arms17931793 – N.C. created the Committee of – N.C. created the Committee of Public Safety (dominated by Danton & Public Safety (dominated by Danton & later by Maximilien Robespierre)later by Maximilien Robespierre)

8/23/17938/23/1793 – Committee of Public Safety – Committee of Public Safety mobilized the entire country to meet mobilized the entire country to meet foreign crisis & save Republic from foreign crisis & save Republic from foreign enemiesforeign enemies

In less than a year, French army was In less than a year, French army was 650,000 strong650,000 strong– 9/1794: 1,169,000 soldiers 9/1794: 1,169,000 soldiers

– The Republic’s army – “a nation in The Republic’s army – “a nation in arms”- was the largest ever seen in arms”- was the largest ever seen in European historyEuropean history

– Pushed the anti-French forces across Pushed the anti-French forces across the Rhine & captured Aust. Netherlandsthe Rhine & captured Aust. Netherlands

Domestic threats as well, Committee of Domestic threats as well, Committee of Public Safety had to institute the Public Safety had to institute the “Reign “Reign of Terror”of Terror”

Robespierre & the Reign of TerrorRobespierre & the Reign of TerrorReign of Terror lasted from July 1793 – July 1794Reign of Terror lasted from July 1793 – July 1794– ~50,000 enemies of the revolution killed~50,000 enemies of the revolution killed– No social class distinction in the TerrorNo social class distinction in the Terror

misconception that upper class was the focusmisconception that upper class was the focus

– Of killed - nobles 8%, middle class 25%, clergy 6%, peasants 60%Of killed - nobles 8%, middle class 25%, clergy 6%, peasants 60%

Robespierre’s desire was to build a “Republic of Virtue”Robespierre’s desire was to build a “Republic of Virtue”– when foreign & domestic threats ended, bloodshed would subsidewhen foreign & domestic threats ended, bloodshed would subside– Robespierre – believer of Rousseau & his idea of “general will”Robespierre – believer of Rousseau & his idea of “general will”– believed France could only become a republic of virtue through terrorbelieved France could only become a republic of virtue through terror

as more people died, his followers wondered if things were out of as more people died, his followers wondered if things were out of handhand– not even Robespierre’s fellow leaders felt safenot even Robespierre’s fellow leaders felt safe

Danton & other politicians were executed in early 1794 for trying to stop Danton & other politicians were executed in early 1794 for trying to stop TerrorTerror

– members of the NC arranged for Robespierre’s arrest on Jul 27, 1794members of the NC arranged for Robespierre’s arrest on Jul 27, 1794the next day he & his followers executed by guillotinethe next day he & his followers executed by guillotine

Declaration of the Rights of ManDeclaration of the Rights of Man did not give women equal citizenship, did not give women equal citizenship, but they gained rights – divorce easier, could inherit prop. but they gained rights – divorce easier, could inherit prop.

Reaction and the DirectoryReaction and the Directoryso called “Thermidorian Reaction” so called “Thermidorian Reaction” occurredoccurredmoved away from excess of NCmoved away from excess of NC1795 - moderates drafted another 1795 - moderates drafted another ConstitutionConstitution– 33rdrd constitution since 1789 constitution since 1789

Constitution of 1795Constitution of 1795– set up 5 man Directory & 2 house set up 5 man Directory & 2 house

legislature of elected officialslegislature of elected officials– Jacobin club closedJacobin club closed– freedom of worship reestablishedfreedom of worship reestablished– laissez-faire economic policies laissez-faire economic policies

adoptedadopted

the Directory relied on military the Directory relied on military support to maintain powersupport to maintain powerled to a coup d’etat allowing led to a coup d’etat allowing general Napoleon Bonaparte to general Napoleon Bonaparte to seize powerseize power

The Age of NapoleonThe Age of NapoleonNapoleonNapoleon (1769-1821) (1769-1821)

dominated French & European history from 1799-1815dominated French & European history from 1799-1815

called himself a “Son of the Revolution”called himself a “Son of the Revolution”

– the F.R. gave him the opportunity to rise through the military the F.R. gave him the opportunity to rise through the military ranksranks

– also said “I am the Revolution”, reminded the people that they also said “I am the Revolution”, reminded the people that they owed him for retaining everything beneficial from the F.R.owed him for retaining everything beneficial from the F.R.

Oct. 1795Oct. 1795 – saved the N.C. from a mob with “a whiff of smoke & a – saved the N.C. from a mob with “a whiff of smoke & a hand-full of grapeshot”, promoted to major general.hand-full of grapeshot”, promoted to major general.

led French victories in Italy 1797, lost to British & abandoned army led French victories in Italy 1797, lost to British & abandoned army to return to France in 1799 (welcomed as a conquering hero)to return to France in 1799 (welcomed as a conquering hero)

took part in coup d’etat that led to his virtual dictatorship of Francetook part in coup d’etat that led to his virtual dictatorship of France

With the coup of 1799, new Republic w/ new constituionWith the coup of 1799, new Republic w/ new constituion

– Bicameral legislature w/ indirectly elected officials to reduce role Bicameral legislature w/ indirectly elected officials to reduce role of electionsof elections

Executive power in hands of 3 consuls (real power belonged to 1Executive power in hands of 3 consuls (real power belonged to 1stst consul)consul)

– Napoleon served as First Consulate until 1804Napoleon served as First Consulate until 1804

Napoleon controlled the executive branch, influenced the Napoleon controlled the executive branch, influenced the legislative, controlled the army & conducted all foreign affairslegislative, controlled the army & conducted all foreign affairs

1802 – named “Consul for Life”…1802 – named “Consul for Life”…

– Who does it wound like he’s emulating?Who does it wound like he’s emulating?

returned France to monarchy in 1804, crowning himself Emperor returned France to monarchy in 1804, crowning himself Emperor Napoleon INapoleon I

brought stability & permanence to France not possible w/ brought stability & permanence to France not possible w/ consulateconsulate

revolution began to limit authority of the king, ended up with a far revolution began to limit authority of the king, ended up with a far more autocratic system, but the people did not objectmore autocratic system, but the people did not object

at each step in his rise to power, he held a plebiscite (a yes or no at each step in his rise to power, he held a plebiscite (a yes or no vote on an issue)vote on an issue)

to understand why the people supported him, you have to to understand why the people supported him, you have to understand his policiesunderstand his policies

The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon IThe Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon IConcordat w/ the ChurchConcordat w/ the Church

– Napoleon made peace w/ Cath. Church in 1801Napoleon made peace w/ Cath. Church in 1801– gave French gov’t authority to appoint French clergy & pay salariesgave French gov’t authority to appoint French clergy & pay salaries– Church had right to confirm/refuse appointments, lost land from FRChurch had right to confirm/refuse appointments, lost land from FR

Code NapoleonCode Napoleon– longest lasting of his policies, applied to all of Francelongest lasting of his policies, applied to all of France– equality of citizens (men), religious toleration, abolition of serfdomequality of citizens (men), religious toleration, abolition of serfdom– applied the merit system (got jobs/promotions based on ability/service)applied the merit system (got jobs/promotions based on ability/service)– Women actually lost rights gained in revolution Women actually lost rights gained in revolution

Centralization of AdministrationCentralization of Administration– taxation more systematic & efficienttaxation more systematic & efficient– no exemptions due to birth or social statusno exemptions due to birth or social status– state censorship of newspapers & booksstate censorship of newspapers & books

Other ReformsOther Reforms– Offered emigres full pardons to return to FranceOffered emigres full pardons to return to France– founded system of public education, regulated economy to control founded system of public education, regulated economy to control

prices, encourage new industry & build roads and canalsprices, encourage new industry & build roads and canals– Peasants allowed to keep land gained in FRPeasants allowed to keep land gained in FR

Napoleon’s Empire & Europe’s ResponsesNapoleon’s Empire & Europe’s ResponsesEmpire had 3 parts: France, dependant states, Allied statesEmpire had 3 parts: France, dependant states, Allied statesBy 1807, defeated continental members of European coalitionBy 1807, defeated continental members of European coalition– sold Louisiana Territory to the US in 1803 to finance his war effortssold Louisiana Territory to the US in 1803 to finance his war efforts– brought Code Napoleon to all conquered land, but territories had to provide brought Code Napoleon to all conquered land, but territories had to provide

soldiers for his army, taxes to finance it, & raw materialssoldiers for his army, taxes to finance it, & raw materials– opposition to Napoleonic rule smashed, those who first welcomed him as a opposition to Napoleonic rule smashed, those who first welcomed him as a

liberator grew to hate himliberator grew to hate him

his Grand Empire failed due to GB and the survival of nationalismhis Grand Empire failed due to GB and the survival of nationalism– 1805 – French navy defeated by GB at Battle of Trafalgar (coast of Spain)1805 – French navy defeated by GB at Battle of Trafalgar (coast of Spain)

Napoleon started Napoleon started Continental SystemContinental System - blocked British goods from - blocked British goods from entering French controlled territory to hurt economyentering French controlled territory to hurt economypolicy failed, Britain started own blockade & found new marketspolicy failed, Britain started own blockade & found new markets– British blockades & attacks on American ships led to War of 1812British blockades & attacks on American ships led to War of 1812– Russia openly violated Napoleon’s Continental Sys.Russia openly violated Napoleon’s Continental Sys.

June 1812 – Napoleon marched the Grand Army east (600,000 troops)June 1812 – Napoleon marched the Grand Army east (600,000 troops)Reached Moscow in September, winter setting inReached Moscow in September, winter setting in– Moscow was in ruin, burnt to ground; French tried to salvage any suppliesMoscow was in ruin, burnt to ground; French tried to salvage any supplies– October 1812 – began 1,000 mi. journey home; ambush, starvation & disease October 1812 – began 1,000 mi. journey home; ambush, starvation & disease

caused 540,000 casualtiescaused 540,000 casualties

The End of NapoleonThe End of NapoleonFailure of Russian march, led to war of liberation throughout Failure of Russian march, led to war of liberation throughout Europe (1813-1814)Europe (1813-1814)April 1814 – Allied forces capture Paris, Napoleon abdicates April 1814 – Allied forces capture Paris, Napoleon abdicates & exiled to island of Elba (of coast west of Italy, south of & exiled to island of Elba (of coast west of Italy, south of France)France)Bourbon monarchy of Louis XVIII (Louis XVI brother) Bourbon monarchy of Louis XVIII (Louis XVI brother) restoredrestoredNapoleon escaped Elba in March 1815, returned to Paris as Napoleon escaped Elba in March 1815, returned to Paris as a heroa hero– Began time known as The Hundred DaysBegan time known as The Hundred Days

WaterlooWaterloo – Napoleon finally defeated in June 1815 by a – Napoleon finally defeated in June 1815 by a coalition force led by British Duke of Wellington & Prussian coalition force led by British Duke of Wellington & Prussian general Gebhard von Bluchergeneral Gebhard von BlucherNapoleon captured & exiled to St. Helena Island – 1000 mi. Napoleon captured & exiled to St. Helena Island – 1000 mi. of Atlantic coast of Africaof Atlantic coast of Africa– lived out last 6 years of life, still rumored that he was poisonedlived out last 6 years of life, still rumored that he was poisoned