chapter 19. objective: define psychotherapy, and list the advantages of each method of psychotherapy
TRANSCRIPT
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METHODS OF THERAPY
Chapter 19
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SECTION 1WHAT IS THERAPY?Objective: Define psychotherapy, and list the advantages of each method of psychotherapy.
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WHAT IS THERAPY? Therapy is a general term for the variety
of approaches that mental health professionals use to treat psychological problems and disorders.
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WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THERAPY?Helping individuals by:
Giving hope Gaining insight or perspectives on
their problems Providing individual with a caring and
trusting relationship
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THE 2 CATEGORIES OF THERAPY Psychologically
basedPsychotherapy
involves interaction between trained professional and a person
Biologically based Involves the use
of drugs or other medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
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COMMONLY USED METHODS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
Method Goals Key Techniques
Psychoanalysis
To replace a avoidant behavior with coping behavior; to reduce inappropriate feelings of anxiety and guilt
Free association; dream analysis; analysis of the transference relationship
Humanistic therapy
To remove obstacles in the path of self-actualization
Active listening; unconditional positive regard
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METHODS OF PSYCHOTHERAPYMethod
Goals Key techniques
Behavior therapy
To replace maladaptive, self defeating behavior with adaptive self enhancing behavior
Systematic desensitization; modeling; aversive conditioning; operant conditioning
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METHODS OF PSYCHOTHERAPYModel Goals Key Techniques
Cognitive therapy
To replace irrational, self-defeating attitudes and beliefs with rational, self-enhancing attitudes and beliefs
Encouraging clients to challenge irrational beliefs and replace them with rational beliefs; teaching clients to evaluate their beliefs and attitudes rationally
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TYPES OF PROFESSIONALS
Counseling psychologist
Master’s or Ph. DDoctor of Philosophy
Educational institutions
Clinical psychologist
Ph. D in psychology Hospitals/ clinicsPsychological problems
Psychiatrist M.D. (special) psychiatry/ post gradabnormal behavior
Prescribe medsPerform operations
Psychiatric social worker
Master’s social workAdditional practice training2 yrs grad psychology
Counsels –everyday personal and family problems
Psychiatric nurse Nursing license \advance training in psychology
Dispenses meds. Contract person between counseling sessions
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SELECTING THE RIGHT PROFESSIONAL
Cost of treatment? Field of study? What degrees? Licensed? Plan for treatment?
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INDIVIDUAL –V- GROUP THERAPY Advantages of individual therapy
More personal attentionFeel uncomfortable talking in front of a group
Will talk openly alone
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INDIVIDUAL –V- GROUP THERAPY
Advantages of group therapyRealizing you are not aloneBenefit from insight gained
by others struggleCan support each otherGives hope for recoveryShows therapy can workMore affordable
Therapist can work with several people at the same time
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TYPE OF GROUP THERAPY Couples Family therapy Self-help groups Encounter groups
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SECTION 2THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
Objectives:Describe the major techniques of psychoanalysis.
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PSYCHOANALYSIS = FREUD Unconscious thoughts and feelings Reduces anxiety and guilt Allows insight
Dream analysisManifest content- actual dreamLatent content- hidden meaning
Free association Say what ever comes to mind
(any topic)Resistance – unwilling to discuss
issues
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TRANSFERENCE Transferring feelings and expectations
from one person to another Allows clients to express and analyze
unconscious feelings Can expose unresolved problems Example
Bad relationship with mother---start to treat therapist the same way-----bad relationship with boss
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EVALUATION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Useful therapy for
Anxiety, mild depression and difficulty in handling social relationships
Not useful therapy forToo seriously disturbedMajor depression, bipolar disorder,
schizophrenia Limited educational backgroundLimited verbal skills
TOO EXPENSIVE (meeting 4-5 X’s a week)
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SECTION 3THE
HUMANISTIC APPROACH
Objective:Identify the primary goals and methods of humanistic therapy.
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HUMANISTIC THERAPY Help individual reach their full
potential Achieving self-awareness and
self acceptance Basically good and strive for self-
actualization Need to tap their inner resources
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CARL ROGERS
Problemstop being yourself and act as others expect you to act
Role of therapyFind their true self and realize their unique potential
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PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY
ORCLIENT-CENTERED
THERAPY
client seen as an equal Encouraged to take the lead Called Nondirective therapy
Therapist acts as a mirrorReflecting clients thoughts and feelings
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THERAPY TECHNIQUE Active listening
Therapist repeats, rephrases, and asks for clarification of statements
Clients is heard and understoodTherapist must remain nonjudgmental ,
supportive, accepting regardless of what is said
Client accepts themselves Self esteem rises Gain confidence to make their own
choices Able to develope healthy relationships
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OTHER APPLICATIONS Schools/ colleges Help students deal with anxiety
and depressionUse person centered approach to help students decide on a career and support their choices
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EVALUATION OF HUMANISTIC THERAPY Most helpful with well educated
motivated people Work best with people who are
Mildly depressedExperiencing anxietyProblems with social relationships
Ineffectivemajor depressionBipolar disorder schizophrenia
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SECTION 4COGNITIVE THERAPY ANDBEHAVIOR THERAPY
ObjectiveDescribe how cognitive and behavior therapists try to help people.
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COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Help clients develop new ways of thinking and behaving
Focus on their thought and actions
Eliminate troubling emotions or behaviors
Solve own problems
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COGNITIVE THERAPY Thoughts that can lead to emotional and
behavioral problems Thinking- illogical or based on faulty
assumptions (person A—B swim team) PURPOSE OF COGNITIVE THERAPY
To help people develop more realistic and logical ways of thinking
Change thinking= solving their own emotional and behavioral problems
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2 WIDELY USED COGNITIVE THERAPY METHODS
Rational- Emotive Behavioral TherapyBased on People being basically
logical in thinking and behaviorsProblems- based on faulty
assumptions Must do everything perfect
Unrealistic high standards Anxiety and severe depression
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RATIONAL-EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY
challenges clients errors in their way of thinking
Meansrole play, modelinghomework-
Read relevant literature, listen to tapes, experiments to test their assumptions
( affects length of therapy)
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BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
Restructuring illogical thoughts processArbitrary inference-drawing
conclusions with no evidenceSelective abstraction- drawing conclusions with
Single detail Misinterpreting Ignoring other details
Overgeneralization- drawing conclusion from single experience
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Gently guides clients in testing logic of their own thought processes and develop logical ways of thinking
MeansHave client observe and record their
response to events in daily life.Review responses to help see them as
illogical thought processes that are causing their emotional problems.
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EVALUATION OF COGNITIVE THERAPY
Short term method (15-25 weeks) Has helped clients with
Anxiety‘DepressionPersonality disorders along with Meds
Provide coping skills Reduces risk of recurrence
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BEHAVIOR THERAPY BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION Develop more adaptive behaviors Changing behaviors is most
importantOver eating stop smoking develop skills needed for healthy
relationshipsconfront phobias
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2 CATEGORIES OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY
1. Counter-conditioning-Pairing the stimulus that triggers an unwanted behavior with a new more desirable behavior
1. Systematic desensitization 2. Aversive conditioning
BenefitLearn more desirable behaviorsBoost in self-esteemLess restrictive lives
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OPERANT CONDITIONING BEHAVIORS REINFROCED TEND TO BE
REPEATED Token economy- reward + behavior Successive Approximations- reinforce
every step EFFECTIVE IN MORE SEVERE CASES.
SCHIZOPHRENIA CHILDHOOD AUTISM
USED INSTITUTIONAL SETTING: MENTAL HOSPITALS,
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EVALUATION OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY
More effective overall Short term therapy of
Phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder compulsions,depression social problems self-control issues
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SECTION 5BIOLOGICAL
THERAPYObjectiveDescribe the three major biological treatments for psychological disorders
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BIOLOGICAL THERAPY Effects the Brain Relies on methods such as
medication electric shock and surgery
Medical in nature= administered or prescribed by a psychiatrists or other physicians
Paired up with other therapies
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DRUG THERAPY Mostly used biological treatment Four major types of medication
usedAnti-anxiety drugsAnti-depression drugsLithiumAnti-psychotic drugs
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ANTI-ANXIETY DRUGS Minor tranquilizers out patient treatment to help client with
anxiety panic attacksDistress Tension
Depresses the nervous system Long term use=less effectiveness Major side effects
fatigue dependence on drugs
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ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS Treats major depression Increase the amount of one or both
neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin
Must build up a certain level to work Major side effects
Escalated heart rateExcessive weight gain
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LITHIUM Treats Bipolar disorder Flattens out the mania and depression Don’t understand how it works Side effects
ShakinessMemory impairmentExcessive thirst
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ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS Major tranquilizers Reducing agitation and delusions Treats Schizophrenia Blocks level of dopamine Side effects
Balance CoordinationTremors twitches
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ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPYECT
Not recommended much Electric current passes through the brain Used when drug therapy is not working Side effect
Memory loss
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PSYCHOSURGERY-BRAIN SURGERY Prefrontal lobotomy
Cutting nerve pathways in the brain between the prefrontal lobes and the thalamus
Reduce agitation and violence Side effects
DistractibilityReduced learning abilityOvereatingApathySocial withdrawalSeizuresReduces creativitydeath