chapter 19 states and societies of sub- saharan africa
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 19States and Societies of Sub-
Saharan Africa
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What you will learn this class… Differed by Region Islam was a huge influence Bananas are the African Potato Family is key Mansa Musa Great Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan trade
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Effects of Early African Migrations Bantu-speaking
peoples settle south of Equator
Agriculture, herding spreads with Bantu migrations
Iron metallurgy
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The Mighty Banana
Domesticated in south-east AsiaMalay sailors colonize Madagascar, 300-500 CE
Introduce bananas, yams, chickens
High in starch, vitamins, mineralsFood supply increases with this key crop
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Extrapolate the likely effects of Banana cultivation on African population.
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Estimated Population Growth: Africa
0
5
10
15
20
25
400 BCE 0 800 CE 1000 CE
Millions
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Kin-Based Societies Stateless, segmented
societies Average population of
village: 100 Ruled by elders Network of villages
resolve disputes in ad hoc manner
Higher government authorities rare
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Kinship Groups Extended families, clans Idea of private property less prevalent Land held communally Harvests distributed by elders
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Sex and Gender Relations Men work with specialized skills
Tanning, iron work Heavy labor
Both sexes work in agriculture Male rule more common, but some expanded roles
for women Merchants, some military activity, rice cultivation
Islamic norms slow to penetrate African society
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Age grades From early
agricultural period, Sudan
Peer groups of single age cohort
Crosses lines of family and kinship
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Slavery Practiced since
ancient times Most slaves captives
of war Used principally in
agricultural labor Slave possession a
status symbol
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Slave Trading Increased trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean
trade stimulates slave trade, 9th c. CE Africa replaces eastern Europe as principal
source of slaves Creates internal African slave trade
More powerful states attack smaller kinship-based groups
10,000-20,000 slaves per year
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Traditional Society & Culture Village Government
Shared power with a male elder leader Village “voice” Elders arguments weighed prior to decisions
Family Patterns Nuclear family among hunter gatherers Extended families elsewhere Family teaches and carries on tradition orally
Religious Beliefs Ancestor worship Animism
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African Kingdoms Trade led to the
growth of towns Gold and salt Control of valuable
trade routes led to powerful kingdoms
Islamic traders made the initial inroads for Islam.
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Chiefdoms/Itty Bitty Kingdoms Population pressures
after 1000 increase competition, disputes
Small chiefdoms appear, overrule kin-based groups
Small kingdoms form Ife, Benin
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Kingdoms and empires of sub-Saharan Africa, 800-1500 CE
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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa
Desiccation of Sahara begins c. 5000 BCE Introduction of Arabian camels
revolutionizes trade (first domesticated around 1500 BCE) 70-90 days to cross Sahara
Arabs establish trading communities Gao
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Ghana Empire
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The Kingdom of Ghana Not related to modern State of Ghana Developed 4th-5th c. CE Protection against camel-driving raiders Center of African gold trade
Imported from south to Ghana
Also sold ivory, slaves
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Koumbi-Saleh
Capital of Kingdom of Ghana
Principal trading center
High point 9th-12th centuries Population 15,000-
20,000
Military, cultural center
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Islam in West Africa Kings of Ghana
convert 10th c. Positive impact on
trade, relations with north Africa
Synthesized Islam with local traditions Nearby Takrur
aggressive missionaries
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The Larabanga Mosque, one of Ghana's oldest mosques
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Sundiata (r. 1230-1255) Empire of Mali
extends over Kingdom of Ghana Neighboring kingdoms
as well
Trans-Saharan trade Nominally Muslim, no
forced conversions
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Mansa Musa (r. 1312-1337) Mali ruled by kings called mansas, the most
powerful of which was Mansa Musa. Grandson of Sundiata Fervent Muslim Performed Hajj in 1324-25
Constructed numerous mosques Supported Muslim scholars, Sharia law
Empire declines after his rule
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Mansa Musa
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Timbuktu https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=z5GcjrpXtr0
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The Great Mosque of Djenné is the largest mud brick or adobe building in the world
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Kingdom of Kongo Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river Conglomeration of several village alliances Participated actively in trade networks Most centralized rule of the early Bantu
kingdoms Royal currency: cowries Ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by
Portuguese slave traders
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Cowry currency
Cowries
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Kingdom of Congo
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Islamic Kingdoms and Empires Islam spreads to west
Africa Trans-Saharan
caravans Coastal east Africa
through maritime trade
Profound influence after 8th century
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Nok Sculpture of E. Africa
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The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa
East coast maritime trade weak until 2nd century
Bantu peoples populate coast Swahili (“coasters”) engage in trade with
Arabs Language a form of Bantu, influenced by Arabic
10th century trade increases
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Swahili The linguistic
ancestor of Bantu Still spoken in
Eastern Africa
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The Swahili City-States Great wealth, 11th-12th
centuries CE Development of city-
states Architecture moved
from wood/mud to coral, stone
Chinese silk, porcelain imported
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Kilwa City-state on east African coast Fishing, limited trade, 800-1000 CE Turn to agriculture, increased trade in
pottery and stoneware Major trading center by 14th century
Exporting over a ton of gold per year by 15th century CE
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The Zanj Revolt Slaves from Swahili coast exported to work
in Mesopotamia Sugarcane plantations Salt deposits
869 CE, slave Ali bin Muhamad mounts revolt of 15,000 slaves
Captures Basra Later crushed by Abbasids
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Zimbabwe
“dwelling of the chief” “Great Zimbabwe”
built early 13th century CE, capital
Population 18,000 in late 15th century
Managed trade between internal and coastal regions
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“Great Zimbabwe” National Monument
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Islam in East Africa Ruling elites in east Africa accept Islam
without forcing general population to convert
Often retained pagan religious traditions and practices
Islam serves as social glue with other merchants, states
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Arabian Society and Cultural Development
Some kingdoms, empires, city-states with well-defined classes Ruling elites Merchant class Peasant class
Other areas in sub-Saharan Africa continue to use traditional kin-based groups
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Arabian Swahili Slave Trade
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African Religion Great diversity of religious belief Common element: single, male creator god
Lesser deities associated with natural phenomena Ancestor worship Diviners
Religious specialists, principally men Oracle reading, spells, other rituals
Limited emphasis on theology Morality, balance of nature important
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Early Christianity in North Africa 1st century: popular in Egypt, north Africa
Initially weak in sub-Saharan Africa The Christian Kingdom of Axum, 4th c. CE
Ethiopia Merchants, then kings convert Bible translated into Ethiopian Isolated during Islamic period, renaissance during
12th century CE Massive churches carved out of solid rock
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Ethiopian Christianity Isolation from other Christian areas until
16th century Independent development Strong African influence
Spirit world amulets
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Things to remember… Kingdoms differed by region Islam influenced N. & E Africa Bananas: the African Corn Kin-based social structure Mansa Musa Zimbabwe & Muslim trading cities Sub-Saharan trade items (slaves, gold)