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Chapter 2Chapter 2

Structure In SchoolStructure In School

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Model of BureaucracyModel of Bureaucracy

Max Weber (1947)Max Weber (1947)Division of Labor Division of Labor

Division of labor leads to specialization and specialization promotes expertise.Division of labor leads to specialization and specialization promotes expertise.

Impersonal Orientation Impersonal Orientation Decisions based on facts, not feelings or biasesDecisions based on facts, not feelings or biases..

Hierarchy of Authority Hierarchy of Authority - Systems of superiors and subordinates- Systems of superiors and subordinatesHierarchy promotes disciplined compliance and coordination.Hierarchy promotes disciplined compliance and coordination.

Rules and RegulationsRules and RegulationsFormalization ensures stability and uniformity of behavior.Formalization ensures stability and uniformity of behavior.

Career Orientation Career Orientation Career orientation-Career orientation-promotion according to seniority, achievement, or bothpromotion according to seniority, achievement, or both

EfficiencyEfficiencyBureaucracy Bureaucracy maximizes rational decision-making and administrative efficiencymaximizes rational decision-making and administrative efficiency

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Critique of Weber’s ModelCritique of Weber’s Model

FunctionFunction

ExpertiseExpertise

RationalityRationality

Compliance Compliance andand

CoordinationCoordination

Continuity Continuity and Stabilityand Stability

IncentiveIncentive

CharacteristicCharacteristic

Division of LaborDivision of Labor

Impersonal OrientationImpersonal Orientation

Hierarchy of AuthorityHierarchy of Authority

Rules and RegulationsRules and Regulations

Career OrientationCareer Orientation

DysfunctionDysfunction

BoredomBoredom

Lack of moraleLack of morale

Communication Communication

blocksblocks

Rigidity and goal Rigidity and goal

displacementdisplacement

Conflict betweenConflict between

achievement and achievement and

seniorityseniority

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Informal Organization

Informal organization is the spontaneous development of a social structure and culture within a formal organization--it is a ‘shadow organization.”

How does the informal organizations develop?

Activities, interactions, and sentiments form the following:

•Informal structure•Division into cliques•Informal norms•Personal relations•Informal communication; the grapevine•Informal leadership

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Formal vs. Informal StructureFormal vs. Informal Structure

Formal Formal SystemSystem

Hierarchy Hierarchy Division of LaborDivision of LaborFormalization Formalization ImpersonalityImpersonality““Chain of Chain of command”command”

Informal Informal SystemSystem

Informal structureInformal structureDivision into Division into cliquescliquesInformal norms Informal norms Personal relationsPersonal relations““Grapevine”Grapevine”

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Other Criticisms of Bureaucracy

1. Dual Structure Is the guiding principal of bureaucracy-Authority based on

expertise or based on rules and discipline?

2. Feminist CritiqueDoes bureaucracy perpetuate male values at the expense of

feminine ones?

Hierarchy, impersonality, independence, rationality, competition, centralized versus decentralized, personalism, dependence,

emotionality, cooperation.

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Other Criticisms of Bureaucracy

3. Post-Modern Critique Contemporary society requires a more dynamic,

flexible organization characterized by the following:

•Decentralization•Openness•Personalization of relationships•Flexibility of roles•Delegation of authority•Infusing structure with passion

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Formal Structure in SchoolsFormal Structure in Schools

High Low

High Weberian Authoritarian

Low Professional Chaotic

Professional Pattern

Bureaucratic Pattern

Types of School Structures

Who are the informal leaders in your school? Why are these people leaders? How well do they get along with the principal? Describe the grapevine in your school. What are the significant cliques? How do the cliques get along? How would you describe the informal organization of your school? Where do you fit into the informal organization? Discuss.

Tutorial activitiesTutorial activities