chapter 2 basic chemistry. major elements of life
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 2 BASIC CHEMISTRY
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF LIFE
Ezymatic action
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
THE 4 MAJOR ELEMENTS OF LIFE
3 ADDITIONAL MAJOR ELEMENTS
Figure 02.03: Formation of an ion
Chemical Bonding
Figure 02.04: Chemical bonding
Hydrogen bonds form between polar groups or molecules
• Polar molecules• Meaning and example in water
Figure 02.05: Hydrogen bonding between water molecules
Covalent bonds share electrons
2.3Water and pH
Figure 02.06: Solutes dissolve in water
ACID, BASE, AND SALT
Figure 02.09: Organic compounds in cells
2.4Major Organic Compounds of
Living Organisms
Functional groups define molecular behavior
• Major functional groups:
Hydroxyl (—OH) Methyl (---CH3)
Amino (—NH2) Sulfhydryl (—SH)
Carboxyl (—COOH) Phosphate (—OPO3-2)
Carbohydrates provide energy and building materials• Chemical structure and uses• Monosaccharides• Disaccharides• Polysaccharides• Importance in microorganisms
Structural Formulas for Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and a Polysaccharide
LIPIDS
• One glycerol plus 3 fatty acids covalently linked together will make one fat molecule.
STRUCTURE OF GLYCEROL AND ONE FATTY ACID
ONE FAT MOLECULECONSISTS OF ONE GLYCEROL
AND 3 FATTY ACIDS
Lipids store energy and are components of membranes
PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTUREa major component of plasma
membranes
Proteins are theworkhorses of cells
• Chemical components and combination of amino acids
• Peptide bond formation• Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
protein structure and examples
AMINO ACID STRUCTURE
Figure 02.16: Formation of a dipeptide by dehydration synthesis
Examples of Amino Acids
MORE AMINO ACIDS
Protein Folding
Nucleic acids
DNA and the RNA’s
The Molecular Structures of Nucleotide Components and the Construction of a DNA
DNA
STRUCTURE OF ATP