chapter 2 basic chemistry. major elements of life
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 2 BASIC CHEMISTRY
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MAJOR ELEMENTS OF LIFE
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Ezymatic action
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STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
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THE 4 MAJOR ELEMENTS OF LIFE
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3 ADDITIONAL MAJOR ELEMENTS
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Figure 02.03: Formation of an ion
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Chemical Bonding
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Figure 02.04: Chemical bonding
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Hydrogen bonds form between polar groups or molecules
• Polar molecules• Meaning and example in water
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Figure 02.05: Hydrogen bonding between water molecules
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Covalent bonds share electrons
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2.3Water and pH
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Figure 02.06: Solutes dissolve in water
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ACID, BASE, AND SALT
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Figure 02.09: Organic compounds in cells
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2.4Major Organic Compounds of
Living Organisms
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Functional groups define molecular behavior
• Major functional groups:
Hydroxyl (—OH) Methyl (---CH3)
Amino (—NH2) Sulfhydryl (—SH)
Carboxyl (—COOH) Phosphate (—OPO3-2)
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Carbohydrates provide energy and building materials• Chemical structure and uses• Monosaccharides• Disaccharides• Polysaccharides• Importance in microorganisms
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Structural Formulas for Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and a Polysaccharide
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LIPIDS
• One glycerol plus 3 fatty acids covalently linked together will make one fat molecule.
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STRUCTURE OF GLYCEROL AND ONE FATTY ACID
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ONE FAT MOLECULECONSISTS OF ONE GLYCEROL
AND 3 FATTY ACIDS
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Lipids store energy and are components of membranes
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PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTUREa major component of plasma
membranes
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Proteins are theworkhorses of cells
• Chemical components and combination of amino acids
• Peptide bond formation• Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
protein structure and examples
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AMINO ACID STRUCTURE
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Figure 02.16: Formation of a dipeptide by dehydration synthesis
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Examples of Amino Acids
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MORE AMINO ACIDS
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Protein Folding
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Nucleic acids
DNA and the RNA’s
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The Molecular Structures of Nucleotide Components and the Construction of a DNA
DNA
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STRUCTURE OF ATP