chapter 2 –biology as a science and tools of the trade
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2 –Biology as a Science
and Tools of the trade
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The Nature of Matter
• Pg 40-52• Story of the discovery of oxygen
Brief summaries you should be writing down as you read:early Greek beliefsphlogiston theoryPierre Bayen experimentJoseph Priestley experimentLavoisier experimentWho then discovered oxygen?
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Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis
• Pgs 52-60• Living vs. non-living
experiments summaries to write down while you
are readingspontaneous generation theory componentsbiogenesis theory componentsJohn Needham’s experimentLazarro Spallanzani experimentLouis Pasteur’s classic experiment
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I. Characteristics of Living Things• We can state with some
confidence that all living things– Are made up of one or more units
called cells– Reproduce– Grow and develop– Obtain and use energy– Respond to their environment
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Living things are made up of cells• Cell- basic unit of structure and
function in living things• Organisms are of two types
– Unicellular-an organisms consisting of a single cell- bacteria, protists, some fungi
– Multicellular- an organism consisting of many cells, some of which are typically specialized for particular functions
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Living things reproduce
• Reproduction- producing new organisms of the same type
• Two different types of reproduction:– Asexual – a single organism produces
new organisms genetically identical to itself – bacteria, protists, fungus, plants, some animals
– Sexual reproduction- a process in which two cells, normally from different organisms unite to produce the first cell of a genetically different organism.- bacteria (simple), protists, fungus, plants, animals
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Living things grow and develop• Growth can be accomplished in two
ways:– Increase in cell size– Increase in cell number (at least for
multi-cellular organisms)
• Development involves maturation
• A butterfly goes through a metamorphosis to change from egg, to larva, to pupa to butterfly
• Female egg cells mature during menstruation
– Organisms have some type of life cycle that takes them from birth to death- some are more complicated than others but all living things have them
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Living Things Obtain and Use Energy
• Real science terms:• Autotroph- organism that makes
it’s own food (consumer)– Photosynthetic autoroph- uses
sunlight as its energy source to make food
– Chemotrophic autotroph- uses the energy from chemical reactions as its source of energy to make food
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• Heterotroph- organisms that get their food from an outside source – cannot make it themselves- Chemotrophic heterotroph-
organisms that can obtain energy by taking in organic molecules and then breaking them down
- Phototrophic heterotroph- organisms that is able to use sunlight for energy but also requires organic compounds for nutrition
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Terms that are important here• Metabolism- the sum total of all
the chemical reactions in the body – the balance of anabolism and catabolism– Anabolism- any process in a living
thing that involves putting together , or synthesizing, complex substances from simpler substances
– Catabolism- the final breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones, usually resulting in the release of energy
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Living things Respond to their environment• Responses can be rapid or slow• Stimulus- anything in the
environment that causes an organism to react
• Irritability- no, not grumpiness-it’s the ability of an organism to respond to stimuli
• Homeostasis- an organism’s ability to maintain constant or stable conditions that are necessary for life- sweating
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Biology: The Study of Life• Biologist- anyone who uses the
scientific method to study life• Branches of biology
– Zoology- study of animals– Botany- study of plants– Microbiology- study of small
microscopic organisms– Paleontology- study of extinct organisms– Ethology- study of animal behavior– Cytology- study of cells
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Levels of Organization
• Look at pgs 58-59
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Tools of a biologist
• Compound light microscope– Lab on its parts and use– Limitations: as magnification
increases, resolution decreases; the limit of resolution is the point at which the specimen is too blurry to see
– Uses light and two mirrors to reflect through a thin specimen
– Must stain many specimens to see
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Electron microscopes
• Electromagnets used to bend streams of electrons like lenses bend light
• Much more powerful- can magnify millions of times without loss of resolution
• Several different types: TEM, SEM, scanning probe
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Types of electron microscopes• Transmission electron microscope
(TEM)– Thin specimens in vacuum –must be
dead– 2D view (like compound light only more
magnification)• Scanning electron microscope
(SEM)– Beam of electrons around specimen – in
a vacuum – dead– 3D can see outside surfaces
• Probe microscopes- scanning probe microscopes– can be alive- probes the outside- 3D
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Biology lab techniques
• Staining- for visibility• Centrifugation-separates
particles by mass- spins at high speed moving heavy particles to bottom of the test tube
• Micromanipulation- using a microscope to do microdissection or insertion of material into a cell
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Chapter 3 intro atoms and molecules
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II. Matter
• All things around us are made up of matter
• Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)
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Properties of Matter
• Physical properties- a property that can be observed and measured without permanently changing the identity of the matter– Color– Texture– Odor– State its in- solid, liquid, gas- and the
points at which it changes- boiling point, freezing point, etc.
– Density– Hardness
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• Chemical properties- a substance’s ability to change into another substance as a result of a chemical change– Burning coal, wood– Digesting food– Tarnishing silver
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Composition of Matter
• Atom- the basic unit of matter– 115 + types of elements- 92 are
naturally occurring– Human body contains about 20.
• Most notable: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sodium, phosphorus, fluorine, silicon, sulfur, magnesium, potassium
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Atomic Structure
• All atoms are made up of a central nucleus that contains positively charged protons, and neutral neutrons.
• Orbiting the nucleus in energy levels are negatively charged electrons.
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Chemical Compounds
• When atoms combine they form substances known as compounds.
• These compounds are made up of two or more elements that chemically join to form new substances that no longer possess the properties they once had, but now have new properties.
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Interaction of Matter
• Matter forms compounds in two ways:– Ionic bonds
• bonds formed when two or more elements gain or lose electrons becoming charged particles (ions)
• These ions are then held together by their opposite charges (ionic bonds)
– Covalent bonds• Bonds formed when two or more
atoms share electrons
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III. The Chemical Basis of Life• Mixtures- two or more
substances that mix together but are not chemically bound. – can be separated by physical
means– Retain the properties of the
components– Can form solutions, suspensions or
colloids– Solutions are the most important
and water is usually the solvent in living organism solutions
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Solutions
• A homogeneous mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another with the particles evenly distributing themselves throughout the mixture.– Ex salt and sugar can form
solutions with water, pepper cannot.
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Suspensions & Colloids
• Suspension & colloids- mixtures containing non-dissolved particles distributed within a solid, liquid or gas