chapter 2- cells and tissues of organisms
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2- Cells and tissues of Organisms
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Cell types
Accordingto nucleus
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Accordingto function
Somatic Gametic
Types of Cell
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Plant Cell
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Animal Cell
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Cell Wall
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Mitochondria
❑ Structure of Mitochondria
• Membrane
• Chamber
• Cristae
• Oxysome
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Plastid
Types : 3 types-
1. Leucoplast
2. Chromoplast
3. Chloroplast
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Plastid vs Mitochondria
Traits Plastid MitochondriaPigmentColourSiteInternal membraneOxysomeStromaGranaFunction
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Golgi Body
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Centrosome
• Centrosphere
• Centrosome
• Centriole
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Centriole
❑ Function :
✓ Construction of spindle apparatus.
✓ Formation of flagella .
✓ Helps in cell division .
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Lysosome
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Nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
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Nucleus
Parts
➢ Nuclear membrane
➢ Nucleoplasm
➢ Nucleolus
➢ Chromatin reticulum
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Plant tissue
Plant tissue
Simple tissue
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchymna
3. Sclerenchyma
Complex tissue
1. Xylem 2. Phloem
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Simple tissue
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Xylem
➢ Xylem tissue consists of tracheid, vessel
(trachea), xylem fiber and xylem
parenchyma- these four types of cell.
➢ In pteridophytes and gymnosperms, there
is no vessel in xylem tissue.
➢ Gentum has simple vessel.
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Phloem
❖ Phloem tissue consists of -
sieve cell,
companion cell,
phloem parenchyma and
phloem fiber- these four types of cell.
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Phloem
➢ Mature sieve tube or sieve cell has no
nucleus.
➢ In gymnosperms, no companion cell is
present in phloem tissue.
➢ Fibers of secondary phloem is called
bast fiber. Jute fiber is a bast fiber.
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Animal tissue Animaltissue
Epithelial
1.Squamous
2.Columnar
3.Cuboidal
Connective
1.Fibrous
2.Skeletal
3.Fluid
Muscular
1.Voluntary
2.Involuntary
3.Cardiac
Nerve
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Epithelial Tissue
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Epithelial Tissue
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Connective Tissue
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Fluid Connective Tissue
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Voluntary, Involuntary and Cardiac muscle
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Voluntary, Involuntary and Cardiac muscle
Trait Voluntary muscle Involuntary muscle Cardiac muscleShape Tubular Spindle shaped TubularTransverse striation Present Absent Present
Branch Absent Absent PresentNumber of nucleus 1 More than 1 1
Intercalated disc Absent Absent Present
Contraction-relaxation
Depends on the will of the animal.
Does not depend on the will of the animal.
Does not depend on the will of the animal.
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Nerve Tissue
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❑ Stroma is part of which of the following? Dhaka Board-2016
(a) cell wall
(b) chloroplast
(c) mitochondria
(d) ribosome
Poll Question-01
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❑ Which one is obtained in animal cell? Rajshahi Board-2017
(a) chloroplast
(b) chromoplast
(c) leucoplast
(d) golgibody
Poll Question-02
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Chapter 2: Board questions
❖ Characteristics of muscles above? Rajshahi Board-2017
(a) absence of nucleus
(b) intercalated disc
(c) made of voluntary muscle
(d) attached to bones
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Chapter 2: Board questions
(a) What is prokaryotic cell?
(b) Why the involuntary muscle is called smooth muscle?
(c) Explain the structure characteristics of P with labeled diagram.
(d) In maintaining the environmental balance, which plays more important role between Q and R? Analyze.
Jashore Board-2020
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Chapter 2: Board questions
(a) What is Eukaryotic cell ?
(b) What is cardiac muscle?
(c) Explain the structure of ‘A’ marked part in the stem. (d) Explain the similarities and dissimilarities of structure and function of ‘X’ and ‘Y’ in the stem.
Dhaka Board-2016
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Chapter 4- Bioenergetics
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Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H2O + Light energy → C6H1206 + 6H2O + 6O2
There are 4 things we need-
(i) Chlorophyl
(ii) Sunlight
(iii) Water (H2O)
(iv) CO2
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Light Dependent Phase
Light independent Phase
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Factors affecting photosynthesis
External factors Internal factors
Light (Red and blue light are
the most active) Carbon dioxide Temperature: Optimum
temperature is 22° − 35°C. Water Oxygen Minerals Vitamins and other chemical
substances
↑ Amount of starch → ↓Photosynthesis ↓ Potassium (catalyst) → ↓ Photosynthesis Age of leaf : Most in middle aged leaves. Internal structure of leaf Chlorophyll Enzyme
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C𝟑 cycle C𝟒 cycle
1) Calvin, Benson and Bassham discovered
the C𝟑 cycle.
1) Hatch and Slack discovered the C𝟒
2) The first stable compound of the C𝟑 cycle is
3 carbon-containing phosphoglyceric acid.
2) The first stable compound of the C𝟒cycle is 4 carbon-containing Oxaloacetic
acid.
3) The rate of photosynthesis of C𝟑 plants is
low.
3) The rate of photosynthesis of The C𝟒plant is very high.
4) C𝟑 cycles occur in most plants. 4. Some example- Maize, sugarcanes,
grass plants, Motha grass, amaranthus
Comparison of 𝐶3 and 𝐶4 cycles
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Respiration
Respiration is the sum of several energy releasing oxidation- reduction
reactions. Respiration occurs in all living cells of plants 24 hours at day-
night.
C6H12O6 + 6O2different enzymes
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (686 k Cal / Mole)
glucose
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Aerobic Respiration
❖ 4 steps -
Glycolysis
Acetyl Co-A formation
Krebs cycle
Electron transport system
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Aerobic Respiration
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Calculation of ATP and others
Stage of respiration Substance produced Used substance Net product
Glycolysis 2 molecules pyruvic acid
2 molecules 𝑁𝐴𝐷𝐻 + 𝐻+
4 molecules 𝐴𝑇𝑃
2 molecules 𝐴𝑇𝑃6 ATP
2 ATP
Acetyl Co-A 2 molecules acetyl Co-A
2 molecules 𝐶𝑂22 molecules 𝑁𝐴𝐷𝐻 + 𝐻+
2 molecules
pyruvic acid
2 molecules 𝐶𝑂26 ATP
Kreb’s Cycle 4 molecules 𝐶𝑂26 molecules 𝑁𝐴𝐷𝐻 + 𝐻+
2 molecules 𝐹𝐴𝐷𝐻22 molecules 𝐺𝑇𝑃
2 molecules
acetyl Co-A
4 molecules 𝐶𝑂218 ATP
4 ATP
2 ATP
38 ATP (net total ATP)
+6 molecules 𝐶𝑂2
1 molecules NADH + H+ or NADH2 = 3 molecules ATP
1 molecules FADH2 = 2 molecules ATP
1 molecule GTP = 1 molecule ATP
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Glycolysis occurs, however the Pyruvic acid found in glycolysis will be reduced instantly by NADH + H+
So it's called the incomplete Oxidation of glucose.
Pirovic acid will be reduced, so that Carbon-dioxide and ethyl alcohol, Or just lactic acid will be produced .
Anaerobic Respiration
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Factors affecting Respiration
External factors Internal factors
• Temperature: 20° − 45°C• O2: Only required in aerobic respiration. • Water• Sunlight• ↑ CO2 : Respiration rate decreases
partially.
• Complex food• Enzyme• Age of cells: More in young cells.
• ↑ Inorganic salts of cell : ↑ respiration• ↑ Inorganic salts of soil: ↑ respiration• ↓ Internal water of cell : ↓ respiration
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❑ 1 molecule 𝐅𝐀𝐃𝐇𝟐 = molecules of ATP? Dhaka Board-2017
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 8
Poll Question-03
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❑ In which year Blackman divided photosynthesis into two stages?
Rajshahi Board-2017
(a) 1905
(b) 1925
(c) 1965
(d) 1975
Poll Question-04
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Chapter 4 : Board Questions
(a) What is photophosphorylation?
(b) What is the reason behind the decrease of the rate of photosynthesis after the noon?
Explain.
(c) How A is produced in night in the above mentioned reaction? Explain.
(d) The above mentioned metabolic reaction in organism depends on Q-give your logical
opinion.
P + water Q
Green particlesA + water + R
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Chapter 4 : Board Questions
(a) What is biological coin?
(b) What do you mean by photophosphorylation?
(c) Describe the first step of Fig. N(d) For the survival of the living species both M and N are vital -Explain
Barishal Board-2017.
Fig: M Fig: N
CO2
CO2
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❑ 1 molecule 𝐍𝐀𝐃𝑯𝟐 = molecules of ATP?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 6
(d) 8
Poll Question-05
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