chapter 2 - chemistry of life (part i)staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/purwanti widhy...
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Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life(part I)
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CHEMISTRY MADE SIMPLE
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Why Learn Chemistry?
• A basic knowledge of chemistry will help you understand biology better because all organisms, including yourself, are made up of matter.
• Matter – anything that has mass and volume.
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I. Matter and Atoms
• Atom – the smallest particle of matterthat cannot be broken down by chemical means.
• Atoms are composed of three particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons.
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• Electrons are negatively charged.(-)
• Protons are positively charged.(+)
• Neutrons are neutrally charged, that means they have no charge.
(0)
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1. Because protons (+) and electrons (-) are oppositely charged they are attracted to one another.
2. Protons (+) and neutrons (0) are found inside the nucleus of an atom.
3. Electrons (-) are found in orbitalsaround the nucleus.
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II. Different Types of Atoms • Different amounts of electrons (-),
protons (+), and neutrons (0) create different types of atoms.
• “The Periodic Table of Elements” lists over 110 different types of atoms.
• Element – a substance made of only one type of atom.
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Interesting Facts:
• More than 90% of the atoms in your body are either nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), carbon (C), or hydrogen (H).
• Only 30 elements are important for living organisms.
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A. Periodic Table Information
1. Atomic Number(# of protons)
2. Chemical Symbol(1-3 letter abbreviations)
3. Atomic Mass(# of protons & neutrons)
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• Electrons move around the nucleus at very high speeds in one of seven different Energy Levels.
• Most of the time the number of protons (+) and electrons (-) are equal in the atom so it has a net charge of 0.
• When an atom gains an electron it is called a negative ion and when an atom loses an electron it is called a positive ion.
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• Electrons in the outer energy levels have more energy than those in innerLevels.
• Each Energy Level (orbital) can hold only a certain number of electrons.
• 1st level = 2 electrons• 2nd level = 8 electrons• 3rd level = 8 electrons• 4th and 5th levels = 18 electrons• 6th and 7th levels = 32 electrons
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• The number neutrons (0) is often, but not always equal to the number of protons (+) and electrons (-) in an atom.
• Atoms that contain different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
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Examples:
• Complete an atom diagram of Carbon.
• Complete an atom diagram of Oxygen.
• Complete an atom diagram of Sodium.
• Complete an atom diagram of Chlorine.
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Any Questions?
“What’s the hardest task in the world? To think.” --Ralph Waldo Emerson
“Failure after long perseverance is much grander than never to have a striving good enough to be called a failure.”
--George Eliot