Chapter 2 Colonial America 1587-1770

Early English Settlements

Chapter Time Line

Chapter Time Line

A. A

B. B

Which would be more important to you—helping to settle a new colony or remaining in your home country?

A. Settle a new colony

B. Remaining home

A B

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Why did the English settle in North America?

England and Spain• Trading rivalry and

religious differences had been pushing England and Spain toward war

• King Philip II, the powerful ruler of Spain, wanted a Catholic ruler on the throne of England

• He didn’t consider Queen Elizabeth, a Protestant, the rightful ruler of England

The Spanish Armada• English adventurers, such as Sir

Francis Drake, had attacked Spanish ships and ports

• King Philip wanted Elizabeth to punish Drake for his raids

• Instead, Elizabeth honored Drake with Knighthood

• Philip sent the Spanish Armada to conquer England

• It failed completely• War continued until 1604• The defeat of the Armada

marked the end of Spanish control of the seas

• The way was clear for England to start colonies in North America

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

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Who was the ruler of England when the Spanish and English were at war in the 1500s?

A. King James

B. Queen Elizabeth

C. Queen Mary

D. King Philip II

England tries to make colonies• England had tried several times

to establish a base in North America

• Sir Humpfrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland in 1583

• But before he could find a place for a colony he died at sea

• The next year, Queen Elizabeth gave Sir Walter Raleigh the right to claim land in North America

• Raleigh sent an expedition to find a place to settle

• His scouts said Roanoke Island (North Carolina today) was the place to settle

Roanoke Island• 100 men settled there first• Difficult winter• Returned to England• 1587- Raleigh sent 91 men, 17

women, and 9 children• John White, artist and

mapmaker, led the group• Shortly after arriving, White’s

daughter gave birth• Virginia Dare was the first

English child born in North America

• White explored the area and drew pictures of what he saw

• In a book illustrated by white, another colonist described the Native American towns the settlers encountered:

• “Their towns are small… a village may contain but ten or twelve houses- some… as many as twenty.”

More of Roanoke Island• Nine days after White’s

granddaughter was born he returned to England

• Needed supplies• He hoped to return within

a few months• The war with Spain

delayed his return for nearly 3 years

• When he returned, he found Roanoke deserted

• Found the word Croatoan carved on a gatepost

• White believed they had gone to Croatoan Island, about 50 miles to the south

• Bad weather kept White from investigating

• The Roanoke colonists were never seen again

The Roanoke Colony• Discouraged others from

planning English colonies in North America

• The idea emerged again in 1606 (Why 19 years between settlements?)

• Groups of merchants sought charterscharters

• ChartersCharters- documents granting the right to organize settlements in an area

• From King James I

The Virginia Company of London• Received a charter• Virginia Company was

a joint-stock companyjoint-stock company• Investors bought stock,

or part ownership, in the company in return for a share of its future profits

• Settlers in America were to search for gold

• And establish trade in fish and furs

Virginia Company Sends Settlers• December 1606• The company sent 144

settlers in three ships to build a new colony

• April 1607, the ships entered Chesapeake Bay and then up a river

• Flowing into the bay• Colonists named the river

the James• And their new settlement

Jamestown in honor of King James I

Jamestown Hardships• Jamestown settlers faced

hardships of disease and hunger

• The colony survived its first two years because of Captain John Smith, an experienced explorer

• Smith forced the settlers to work

• Explored the area• Sought corn from the local

Native Americans led by Chief Powhatan

• John Smith returned to England and Jamestown lacked strong leadership

• Winter of 1609-1610 became known as “the starving time”

• Fighting also broke out with the Native Americans

Jamestown Colonists Make Money• Colonists found a

way to make money for the investors

• Growing tobacco using seeds from the West Indies

• Soon planters all along the James River were raising tobacco

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

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The colony of Virginia began to prosper due to which crop?

A. Tobacco

B. Maize

C. Wheat

D. Squash

Colony of Virginia Prospers• Relations with the Native

Americans improved• After colonist, John Rolfe,

married Pocahontas• Daughter of Chief Powhatan• Land ownership was

expandedexpanded when the Virginia Company gave a headrightheadright

• HeadrightHeadright- a land grant• 50 acres to settlers who

paid their own way to the colony

• Colonists also participated in government

• The House of Burgesses first met in 1619

• Burgesses were representatives of the colony’s towns

• They would make local laws for the colony

More about Jamestown• 1619 Virginia company sent 100

women to Jamestown• Marriage and children became part

of life in Virginia• Another part was slavery, first

recognized in Virginia law in the 1660s

• Colonists thought of the first Africans as servants, to be held for a term and then freed.

• By the 1620s, the Virginia Company faced financial troubles

• Jamestown was returning little profit• In 1624 King James cancelled the

company’s charter and made Jamestown England’s first royal colony in America

Why did the English settle in North America?

- The English hoped to profit from resources found in America.

Colonial America

New England Colonies

A. A

B. B

Have you and a friend ever disagreed so much on an issue that you considered ending your friendship?

A. Yes

B. No

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Why did the Separatists and Puritans leave England and settle in North America?

New Settlers in America• Jamestown settlers came looking

for gold and trade• The next group of colonists

arrived in search of religious freedom

• England was a Protestant country since 1534 (King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church)

• Formed the Anglican Church• Not everyone was happy• Many people dissenteddissented,

disagreed with the beliefs or practices of the Anglicans

• English Catholics still considered the pope the head of the church

• Catholics were often persecuted, or treated harshly, for that reason

Protestants Seek Change• Some protestants wanted to

change, or reform, the Anglican Church

• Others wanted to break away from it altogether

• The Protestants that wanted to reform the Anglican Church were called Puritans

• Those that wanted to leave and set up their own churches were known as Separatists

• Separatist were persecuted , and some fled to the Netherlands

• They found religious freedom there, but found difficulty finding work

• They also feared that their children were losing their religious values and their English way of life

• Children started speaking Dutch

The Pilgrim’s Journey• Some Separatists in the

Netherlands made an arrangement with the Virginia Company

• They would settle in Virginia and practice religion freely

• In return they would share any profits they made

• The Separatists considered themselves Pilgrims because their journey had a religious purpose

• Only 35 of the 102 passengers who boarded the Mayflower were Pilgrims

• The others were called “strangers”• They were common people-

servants, craftspeople, and poor farmers

• Hoped to find a better place in America

The Mayflower Compact• The Mayflower’s passengers planned to

settle in the Virginia colony• They first sighted Cape Cod• North of their target• It was November and winter was

approaching• They settled at Plymouth• William Bradford, their leader and

historian, reported that “all things stared upon them with a weather-beaten face”

• Plymouth was outside the territory of the Virginia Company and its laws

• Before going ashore, the Pilgrims drew up a formal document, the Mayflower Mayflower CompactCompact

• Pledged their loyalty to England• Declared their intention of forming “a civil

body politic, for our better ordering and preservation.”

• Promised to obey the laws passed “for the general good of the colony”

• Mayflower Compact was a necessary step in the development of representative government in the American colonies

Help from the Native Americans• During the first year, almost half

of the Pilgrims died of malnutrition

• Disease• Cold• Squanto and Samoset,

befriended the colonists• They showed the Pilgrims how to

grow corn, beans, and pumpkins• Showed them where to hunt and

fish• Without their help the Pilgrims

might not have survived• They also helped the colonist

make peace with the Wampanoag

• Massasoit, a Wampanoag leader, signed a treaty with the Pilgrims

• The two groups lived in harmony

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

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Squanto and Samoset did NOT help the Pilgrims do which of the following?

A. Grow crops

B. Build a town

C. Find where to hunt and fish

D. Make peace with the Wampanoag people

New Settlements• In 1625 Charles I became the

king of England• Charles objected to the Puritans• Persecution of the Puritans in

England increased again• Some Puritans wanted to leave

England• 1629- a group of Puritans formed

the Massachusetts Bay Company• Received a charter to establish a

colony north of Plymouth• Puritans wanted to create a

society based on the Bible• Company chose John Winthrop

to be the colony’s governor• 1630- Winthrop led 900 men,

women, and children to Massachusetts Bay

• Most of them settled in Boston

Growth and Government• 1630s- More than 15,000 Puritans

journeyed to Massachusetts• To escape persecution and economic hard

times • This movement became known as the

Great Migration• John Winthrop and his assistants made the

colony’s laws• 1634- Settlers demanded a larger role in

government• The General Court became an elected

assembly• Adult male church members were allowed

to vote for the governor and their town’s representatives to the General Court

• Later they also had to own property to vote• Puritans put their religious beliefs into

practice• They had little tolerance for different beliefs• Persecuted people of other faiths• Lack of tolerance led people to form new

colonies in neighboring areas

A. A

B. B

Puritans were very tolerant of different religious beliefs.

A. True

B. False

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Thomas Hooker and Connecticut• Fertile Connecticut River Valley

was better for farming than rocky Boston

• 1630s people began to settle in this area

• Massachusetts minister Thomas Hooker, was dissatisfied with how Winthrop ran the colony

• 1636- Hooker led his congregation to Connecticut

• Founded Hartford, Windsor and Wethersfield

• Adopted a plan of government called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

• First written constitution in America

• Described the organization of representative government in detail

Roger Williams and Rhode Island• Minister Roger Williams and others

were forced out of Massachusetts• Williams felt that people should not be

persecuted for religious practices• And government should not force

people to worship a certain way• Williams also believed it was wrong to

take land away from Native Americans• In 1635- Massachusetts leaders

banished him• Took refuge with the Narraganset

people• They sold him land and he founded

Providence• He received a charter and founded

Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

• Its policypolicy was religious tolerance• Rhode Island was a safe place for

dissenters• 1st place in America where people of all

faiths could worship freely

John Wheelwright and New Hampshire• Others followed Williams

example• 1638 John Wheelwright led

a group of dissenters from Massachusetts

• Went north and founded Exeter in New Hampshire

• Other Puritans settled Hampton the same year

• New Hampshire became an independent colony in 1679

Native Americans• Native Americas traded furs for:• Iron pots• Blankets• Guns• Conflicts arose however• Settlers moved onto Native American

lands without permission or payment• Throughout the colonial period,

English settlers and Native American competed fiercely for the land

• 1636- War broke out• Two traders were killed in Pequot

territory• Massachusetts sent troops to punish

the Pequot• A Pequot killed nine people in

Connecticut• May 1637- troops in Connecticut

burned the main Pequot village killing hundreds

War with the Native Americans• 1675- New England went to war

against the Wampanoag• Metacomet, the Wampanoag

chief, was known to settlers as King Philip

• He wanted to stop settlers from moving onto Native American lands

• Metacomet tried to form a federation of local peoples

• Many New England groups joined with him

• The war began after settlers executed three Wampanoags for murder

• Metacomet’s forces then attacked towns across the region

• Killed hundreds of people

War Continues• Settlers and Native

American allies fought back

• Was called King Philip’s War

• Ended in the defeat of the Wampanoag and their allies

• The war destroyed the power of the Native Americans in New England

• The colonists were now free to expand their settlement

Why did the Separatists and Puritans leave England and settle in North America?

-SeparatistsSeparatists: escape persecution but maintain their religious values and English way of life

-PuritansPuritans: escape persecution and establish a new society based on their religious beliefs

Colonial America1587-1770

Middle Colonies

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

If you were given the gift of a large sum of money, how likely would you be to share it with your friends and family?

A. Very likely

B. Somewhat likely

C. Somewhat unlikely

D. Very unlikely A B C D

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How did the Middle Colonies develop?

Struggle for power in England• The Puritan’s controlled

Parliament• They struggled for power against

King Charles I• 1642 a Civil War began• Led by Oliver Cromwell, a

Puritan, the Parliamentary forces defeated the king

• Many Puritans returned to England to join the struggle

• Charles I was beheaded in 1649 on charges of treason

• A new government was created with Cromwell as Protector

• When Cromwell died, Parliament restored the monarchy, but limited the kings power

• Charles II became king in 1660, his reign was known as the Restoration

English Colonies in America• 1660- England had two

clusters of colonies in what is now the United States

• In the North were Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island

• In the South were Maryland and Virginia

• Between the two groups of English colonies were lands the Dutch controlled

Dutch Colonies• Called New Netherland• Main settlement was New

Amsterdam, located on Manhattan Island

• Had a good seaport• Became a center of shipping to and

from the Americas• Dutch West India Company wanted

more settlers• Offered large estates to anyone who

could bring 50 settlers to work the land

• The landowners who acquired these estates were called patroonspatroons

• Patroons ruled like kings• Had their own courts and laws• Settlers owed the patroon labor and

a share of their crops

England Takes Over• England wanted to acquire the Dutch

Colony• Because of its harbor and trade• 1664- England sent a fleet to attack

New Amsterdam• Peter Stuyvesant was the governor• He was unprepared for battle and

surrendered the colony to the English• King Charles II gave the colony to his

brother, the Duke of YorkDuke of York, who renamed it…

• New York• It was a proprietary colonyproprietary colony• A colony in which the owner, or

proprietor, owned all the land and controlled the government

• Different from the New England colonies, where voters elected the governor and an assembly

• Not until 1691 did the English government allow citizens of New York elect their legislature

The Population of New York• New York continued to

prosper under English control

• Had a diverse population• Dutch, German, Swedish,

and Native American• Brazilian Jews, the first

Jews to settle in North America

• 1664- New York had about 8,000 inhabitants

• Including at least 300 enslaved Africans

• 1683- Population was about 12,000 people

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

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In which colony did the first Jews settle in America?

A. New Jersey

B. Virginia

C. Maryland

D. New York

New Jersey• Duke of York gave the southern

part of his colony to Lord John Berkeley and Sir John Carteret

• Named it New Jersey after the island of Jersey in the English Channel (Carteret was born there)

• To attract settlers, thy offered large areas of land and freedom of religion

• Also trial by jury and representative assembly

• The Assembly would make the local laws and set tax rates

The Population of New Jersey• A place of ethnicethnic and religious

diversity• Had no natural harbors so it did

not develop a major port or city like New York

• The proprietors made few profits• Both proprietors eventually sold

their shares in the colony• By 1702 New Jersey had

returned to the king, becoming a royal colony

• Colonists continued to make local laws

Pennsylvania• King Charles II gave land to

William PennWilliam Penn to pay off a debt• Named it Pennsylvania and was

nearly as large England• Penn saw this as a “holy

experiment”• A chance to put his Quaker ideals

into practice• The QuakersQuakers, or Society of

Friends believed that everyone was equal

• People could follow their “inner light” to salvation

• They did not need a clergy to guide them

• Quakers were pacifistspacifists, people who refuse to use force or to fight in wars

• They were persecuted in England

Penn in Pennsylvania• 1682- Penn supervised

the building of Philadelphia, the “city of brotherly love”

• Penn designed the city and wrote their first constitution

• Penn believed the land belonged to the Native Americans and that settlers should pay for it

• He negotiated several treaties with local Native Americans

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

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Whom did William Penn believe rightfully owned the land where he planned to build Philadelphia?

A. The English

B. The Dutch

C. The Native Americans

D. The Swedes

The Population of Pennsylvania• Penn advertised the colony

throughout Europe• 1683- There were more than

3,000 English, Welsh, Dutch, and German settlers

• 1701, Charter of Liberties allowed colonists to elect representatives to the legislature

• Swedes settled southern Pennsylvania

• The Charter of Privileges allowed them to form their own legislature

• They then functionedfunctioned, or operated, as a separate colony known as Delaware under Pennsylvania’s governor

How did the Middle Colonies develop?

New York: Thriving Dutch colony seized by English; major port, proprietary colony; diverse population

New Jersey: piece of New York given to other proprietors; land and freedoms offered to attract settlers; diverse population; lacked major port so less profitable; became a royal colony

Pennsylvania: established under Quaker ideals; welcomed diverse immigrants; constitution; elected legislature

Delaware: lower part of Pennsylvania settled by the Swedes; allowed to function as a separate colony

Colonial America1587-1770

Southern Colonies

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

If you were given the responsibility of writing a constitution for a new state, which of the following would be the most important to include?

A. A bill of rights

B. Responsibilities of the government

C. A plan for the division of land

D. A clear process on how to amend the constitution A B C D

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How and why did the Southern Colonies grow?

In the South• White males controlled most property• Plantations (Big Farms) became

important to economic growth• More plantation increased the need

for workers• English criminals and prisoners of

war were sent to work• They could buy their release by

working for a period of time (Usually 7 years)

• African rulers sold their prisoners of war to European slave traders

• Enslaved prisoners were taken to the colonies

• Many people came as indentured indentured servantsservants

• They agreed to work without pay for a set about of time for passage to America

Establishing Maryland• Founded by Sir George Sir George

Calvert, Lord BaltimoreCalvert, Lord Baltimore• For a safe place for Catholics

persecuted in England• Proprietary colony north of

Virginia• Calvert died and his son

Cecilius named it Maryland• Two of his brothers began to

run it in 1634• Large estatesestates, or pieces of

land, were given to English aristocrats

• Many plantations came about and needed labor

• Indentured servants and enslaved Africans were imported

Maryland Boundaries• Calvert and Penn

families argued over boundary

• In the 1760’s they hired Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to map the boundaries

• Also put up a line of stones bearing the Penn and Calvert crests

• The Mason-Dixon line

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

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The Mason-Dixon line separates which two states?

A. New Jersey and Pennsylvania

B. New York and Pennsylvania

C. Maryland and Pennsylvania

D. Delaware and Pennsylvania

Another Conflict in Maryland• Harder to resolve• Protestants and Catholics

were welcomed• There were more Protestants• To protect the Catholics, the

Act of Tolerance was passed in 1649

• Granted the right to worship freely

• Tensions continued• 1692- the Protestant

controlled assembly made the Anglican church the official church in Maryland

• Catholics faced the same restrictions they had in England

Virginia• Settlers continued into Virginia• Took Native American land• Virginia Governor William

Berkeley made a pledge to Native Americans

• In exchange for a piece of land, he agreed to keep settlers from pushing into their territory

• Nathaniel Bacon, a planter, (along with others) resented the pledge to the Native Americans

• Some settled in these forbidden areas and then blamed the government for not protecting them

Bacon Rebellion• 1676- Bacon led attacks on

Native American villages• Marched to Jamestown and put

Berkeley into exile• Bacon’s sudden death kept him

from governing Virginia• England recalled Berkeley and

sent troops to restore order• Showed that settlers would not

be limited to the coast• The colonial government

formed a militia to control Native Americans

• Also opened up more land for settlement

The Carolinas• 1663- proprietary colony

south of Virginia called Carolina

• King gave land to 8 nobles

• Nobles rented land to settlers from England

• John Locke, and English philosopher, wrote a constitution constitution for Carolina

• A plan of government• Contained land divisions

and social ranking

Northern and Southern Carolina• Farmers from inland

Virginia settled northern Carolina

• They grew tobacco• Sold timber and tar• Did not have good

harbor so they used Virginia’s ports for trade

• Southern Carolina prospered from fertile farmland and the harbor at Charles Town (Charleston)

• Settlements spread, and trade in deerskin, lumber, and beef thrived

Carolina’s Crops• Two crops dominated• Rice grew well in the

wet coastal lowlands• Rice required much

labor, so the demand for slave labor rose

• Another crop was developed in the 1740s

• Indigo by Eliza Lucas• Used to dye textiles• 1729- Carolina became

North Carolina and South Carolina

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

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Which two crops came to dominate Carolina agriculture?

A. Tobacco and corn

B. Rice and indigo

C. Maize and squash

D. Oranges and strawberries

Georgia• Founded in 1733 by James James

OglethorpeOglethorpe• Last British colony in

America• Place for debtors and poor

people could make a fresh start

• In Britain, debtorsdebtors- those who were not able to repay debts- were imprisoned

• Georgia was supposed to protect the other colonies from the Spanish in Florida

• Savannah, Georgia was set up as barrier against Spanish expansion

• Few debtors came instead, hundreds of poor people arrived from Britain

• Religious refugees from Central Europe and a small group of Jews arrived

Georgia Settlers• Complained about

Oglethorpe’s rules• Especially the limits

on landholding• Also the bans on

slave labor and rum• Oglethorpe agreed to

their demands• The colony grew slow

and Oglethorpe turned Georgia back over to the king

France in North America• The French built Quebec in

1608• France wanted fishing and

trapping animals for fur• 1663 New France became a

royal colony• Louis JolietLouis Joliet and Jacques Jacques

MarquetteMarquette explored the Mississippi River

• Looking for a water route to the Pacific (Northwest Passage)

• Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Sallede La Salle followed the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico

• La Salle claimed area for France

• Called area Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

• 1718- port of New Orleans was founded

Growth of New France• Advanced slowly• Estates along the St.

Lawrence River• Estate holders received

land in return for bringing settlers

• Known as tenant tenant farmersfarmers, the settlers paid their lord an annual rent and worked for him for a fixed number of days each year

France and Native Americans

• Had a good relationship with Native Americans

• French trappers and traders went deep into Indian lands

• Lived in Indian villages• Learned their language• Married Indian women• Respected their ways• Tried to convert the Native

Americans for Catholicism• They did not try to change their

customs• Did not push Indians off their

lands

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

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Who had better relations with the Native Americans than any other Europeans?

A. English

B. French

C. Spanish

D. Dutch

Spanish in North America• Controlled most of Mexico, the

Caribbean, and Central and South America

• Also the western and southern parts of the present-day United States

• The Spanish wanted to protect its area and built many cities to protect it

• Spanish priests built a string of missions along the Pacific coast

• MissionsMissions are religious settlements established to convert people to a faith

• The missions helped the Spanish claim California

• On the missions they often forced Native Americans to work

• Later Junipero Serra supported Native American rights on these missions

European Conflicts• Rivalries between

European nations carried over into the Americas

• France and Britain were expanding their North American settlements

• Fought several wars in the early 1700s

• Fights in Europe often followed to North America

How and why did the Southern Colonies grow?

Maryland: established as a safe place for Catholics; land granted to English aristocrats and other settlers; enslaved Africans and indentured servants imported to work on plantations

Virginia: settlers pushed west into Native American lands; Bacon led rebellion to open more lands for settlement

Carolinas: Proprietary colony split into two royal colonies; produced tobacco, timber, tar, rice, and indigo

Georgia: began as a place for debtors and poor people and as a barrier against Spanish expansion; colony attracted poor people and religious refugees; slow growth led proprietor to return colony to the king

The Glorious Revolution• James II was an openly Catholic leader of England –

appointed his fellow Catholics to high offices and made many enemies.

• By 1688, the opposition to the king was so great that Parliament voted to force out James II, shows no resistance because what happened to his grandfather?

• His daughter, Mary II, and her husband William of Orange, of Netherlands – both Protestants – replaced James II to reign jointly.

• NO Catholic monarch has reigned since.

Effects on the Colonies• New England

– Bostonians arrested and imprisoned the unpopular Andros. England restored separate colonial governments but gave the crown the right to appoint the governor.

• New York– Leader of the New York dissidents was Jacob

Leisler. Raised a militia and took over New York.– In 1691, William and Mary appointed a new

governor, Leisler briefly resisted. He was convicted of treason and executed.

• Maryland– Overthrew Lord Baltimore’s officials and

became a royal colony in 1691– Became a proprietary colony again in 1715,

after the fifth Lord Baltimore joined the Anglican church.

The Glorious Revolution• The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England touched off

revolutions, mostly bloodless ones, in several colonies. Under the new king and queen, the representative assemblies that had been abolished were revived,, and the scheme for colonial unification from earlier abandoned.

• However the new governments that emerged in America actually increased the crown’s potential authority.

• As the first century of English settlement in America came to its end, the colonists were becoming more a part of the imperial system than ever before.