CHAPTER 2 – COLONIZING AMERICA1519-1733

I. The Conquestof Mexico

A. A. The Spanish Encounter The Spanish Encounter The AztecsThe Aztecs

1. 1. Diego VelazquezDiego Velazquez – Spanish leader in – Spanish leader in CUBACUBA

2. 2. Small PoxSmall Pox wiped out native labor. wiped out native labor.

3. Cortez was sent to3. Cortez was sent to YUCATANYUCATAN Peninsular to get labor.Peninsular to get labor.

Chapter 2, Sec 1Chapter 2, Sec 1B. B. The INVASION BEGINSThe INVASION BEGINS..

1. 1. Jeronimo de AguilarJeronimo de Aguilar – – first translator for Spanishfirst translator for Spanish

2. 2. MalincheMalinche – new translator – – new translator – renamed renamed Dona MarinaDona Marina

3. 3. TlaxcalanTlaxcalan became Cortez’ ally became Cortez’ ally

4. 4. MontezumaMontezuma (Aztec leader) – (Aztec leader) – Spanish troops take over Aztec capital, Spanish troops take over Aztec capital,

TenochtitlanTenochtitlan & capture Montezuma & capture Montezuma

Chapter 2, Section 1Chapter 2, Section 1

5. Aztec priests launched a rebellion & 5. Aztec priests launched a rebellion & Montezuma died. Called “Montezuma died. Called “SAD NIGHT” – ” – 4,000 Aztec die & 450 Spanish die.4,000 Aztec die & 450 Spanish die.

6. 6. Cortez left & built up forcesCortez left & built up forces..

7. 7. Small poxSmall pox weakened weakened

natives of Tenochtitlan natives of Tenochtitlan

& helped Cortez defeat& helped Cortez defeat

them.them.

A.A. MEXICOMEXICO City City became capital of new Spanish became capital of new Spanish colony of colony of New SpainNew Spain..

B. B. Conquistadors took the rest of the regionConquistadors took the rest of the region..

11. . PizarroPizarro - - PeruPeru – – INCAS. Took leader INCAS. Took leader Atahualpa hostage.Atahualpa hostage.

2. 2. NarvaezNarvaez – – searched searched FloridaFlorida for city of gold. for city of gold. 3. 3. De Vaca & EstebanDe Vaca & Esteban – – went across went across TX & TX & NMNM to New Spain in 1536 to New Spain in 1536

4. 4. CoronadoCoronado – – searched for Gold Cities in searched for Gold Cities in SWSW found buffalofound buffalo ( (shaggy cowsshaggy cows))

5. 5. De SotoDe Soto – – explored what is todayexplored what is today NC, TN, AL, AR, TXNC, TN, AL, AR, TX.. Died and was buried in the MS River.Died and was buried in the MS River.

6. 6. OnateOnate – – (1598) reached (1598) reached MexicoMexico and had and had “Spanish “Spanish Thanksgiving”Thanksgiving” in April in April

CONQUISTADORSCONQUISTADORS (continued) (continued)7. 7. Sante FeSante Fe – – 11stst capital of New Mexico capital of New Mexico

Catholic Church was the force.Catholic Church was the force.Built Built presidiospresidios..

8. 8. SerraSerra – – Franciscan priest who took controlFranciscan priest who took control of of Sante Fe Sante Fe && CaliforniaCalifornia & & established missions. established missions.

El Camino RealEl Camino Real - Royal - Royal HighwayHighway Priests treated natives as Priests treated natives as

slaves!slaves! PopePope – – Pueblo leaderPueblo leader – – led anled an uprising against Spanish.uprising against Spanish.

A. SocietyA. Society – based on – based on Birth, income, & educationBirth, income, & education

B. Encomienda SystemB. Encomienda System – – gave Spaniards rewards of gave Spaniards rewards of Aztec towns & villagers had to pay them with a Aztec towns & villagers had to pay them with a share of harvests. share of harvests. SocietySociety – determined a – determined a person’s position. person’s position.

Native Americans, Africans, people of mixed Spanish & African or African & Native American - labor class

Native Americans, people of mixed Spanish & African or African & Native American - LABOR

Mestizos

Criollos

Peninsulares

C 2, Sec1, III CONTINUEDC 2, Sec1, III CONTINUED C. C. Council of the IndiesCouncil of the Indies – governed – governed

empire;empire;

special court – special court – audienciaaudiencia..

ViceroysViceroys ruled regions. ruled regions.

D. D. Mining and RanchingMining and Ranching – silver mining; – silver mining;

Ranches raised cattle to feed Ranches raised cattle to feed

miners – called miners – called haciendashaciendas & &

vaquerosvaqueros herded cattle. herded cattle.

Chapter 2, Sec 1IV. The French Empire in AmericaA. Francis I sent Verrazano to map North

America’s coastline to help find a North West Passage.

B. Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence River.

C. Fifty years later, the French began fishing and trading for furs in N. America.

1602 – Samuel Champlain helped colonize N. America in Nova Scotia & Quebec.D. Coureurs de bois (fur traders) lived

among Native Americans & often married them.

E. Jesuit missionaries also came to convert the natives to Christianity (Catholic)

V. NEW FRANCE EXPANDSA. King Louis XIV sent 4,000 immigrants to New

France & 900 women to be wives to help New France grow.

B. Explorers Joliet & Marquette found the MS River. La Salle – 1st European to reach the Gulf

of Mexico & claimed it for France. He

named it Louisiana for King Louis XIV. Lord d’Iberville founded Biloxi, MS, then

Mobile, AL, and New Orleans, LA. (SE) The French controlled the Ms. River and

imported slaves to work on plantations.

Chapter 2, Section 1C. RIVALRY WITH SPAIN.

ST. AUGUSTINE, FL, founded by the Spanish, became the 1st permanent town founded by Europeans in the U.S.

Chapter 2, Sec 3Chapter 2, Sec 3

I. I. English Colonies in AmericaEnglish Colonies in America John Cabot (Italian) – Sent by

England to find new route or land. Landed close to Nova Scotia and next trip was never seen again.

80 years before England tried to colonize in America again.

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2

A. A. The Reformation Divides EuropeThe Reformation Divides Europe

1. Protestant Reformation –

Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church and was expelled. John Calvin (Switzerland) said people should choose their own leaders

C 2, Sec 2C 2, Sec 2

B. B. The Reformation Changes England

1. Henry VIII wanted a divorce. The Pope was afraid to issue the divorce because Henry VIII’s wife was the King of Spain’s aunt.

2. Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church and made himself the head of the

Anglican Church.

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2

3. 3. PuritansPuritans – want to purify the – want to purify the Anglican Church of all Catholic Anglican Church of all Catholic elements.elements.

44. Queen Elizabeth I – Henry VIII’s daughter allowed some Puritan ideas.

5. JAMES I – would not change the church, so Puritans left England.

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2

C. C. Economic Changes in England. 1. 1500s – England was divided into

large estates. Nobles rented land to tenants, but later converted land into sheep farms.

2. Enclosure Movement – fenced in land & forced unemployment for tenants.

3. Joint-stock Companies – pooled money of many private investors.

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2II. II. England Returns to America England Returns to America The English needed a northern

water passage to sell their wool. Martin Frobisher – 1st to return to

America, but did not find the passage. Queen Elizabeth allowed privateers

to attack Spanish ships to help the Dutch when they opposed Catholicism.

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2 A. A. GilbertGilbert and and RaleighRaleigh 1. Gilbert tried 3 times to

colonize for the English in America but failed.

2. Walter Raleigh got Gilbert’s charter renewed and landed on Roanoke Island. He was knighted and the land was called

Virginia after Queen Elizabeth, “The Virgin Queen.”

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2 B. B. The Lost Colony of RoanokeThe Lost Colony of Roanoke 1. The 1st group of men returned

to England after one winter. 2. In 1587, he sent men, women

& children. The governor went back to England for supplies and fought in a war. He came back in 1590 and no one was there, only a sign on a tree that said “CRO.” It’s still a

mystery today. Called The Lost Colony.

ROANOKEROANOKE

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2III.III. JAMESTOWNJAMESTOWN is founded is founded. . ► 1606 - 1606 - Virginia CompanyVirginia Company.. ► 3 ships – The Susan Constant , the Godspeed, and the Discovery. ► Named the river, Named the river, James RiverJames River after after

James IJames I► Settlement was Settlement was

named named JamestownJamestown..► Location was theirLocation was their

first problem.first problem.

JAMESTOWN - 1606JAMESTOWN - 1606

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2A. A. Early TroublesEarly Troubles.. 1. Most were inexperienced about living in the woods. 2. Upper class refused to work. 3. Governing council argued constantly. 4. By 1608, only 53 were left. 5. Captain John Smith began trading

with the Powhatan Confederacy – this got them through the 1st two winters.

6. New governor – Lord De La Warr – promised land if settlers worked for 7 years.

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2 7. August 1609 – 400 settlers come.7. August 1609 – 400 settlers come.

8. Food became low and settlers began to 8. Food became low and settlers began to stealsteal from the Natives who then attacked. from the Natives who then attacked.

9. 9. The Starving TimeThe Starving Time –winter of 1609-10 –winter of 1609-10

10. Spring 1610 – only 60 settlers left.10. Spring 1610 – only 60 settlers left.

11. More settlers came, but abandoned 11. More settlers came, but abandoned Jamestown and began other settlements. Jamestown and began other settlements.

12. The Deputy governor12. The Deputy governor

made rules and made rules and everyoneeveryone

had to work.had to work.

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2 B. B. TOBACCO Saves the ColonyTOBACCO Saves the Colony.. 1. John Rolfe developed new curing

method for tobacco. 2. It was cheaper than the Spanish

tobacco, so Europe bought it.

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2 C.C. THE FIRST ASSEMBLYTHE FIRST ASSEMBLY..

1. 1618 – Reform gave 1. 1618 – Reform gave

the colony the right to elect itsthe colony the right to elect its

own assembly to propose laws. own assembly to propose laws.

2. 2. 11stst General Assembly General Assembly – ( – (the the House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses) met in Jamestown ) met in Jamestown Church on July 30, 1619. Church on July 30, 1619.

Consisted of: Consisted of: GovernorGovernor, , 6 councilors6 councilors, ,

20 representatives20 representatives (2 from each of (2 from each of the colony’s 10 the colony’s 10 towns) – called towns) – called burgessesburgesses..

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2 D. D. Headrights Lure Settlers.Headrights Lure Settlers. 1. Used to entice new settlers. 2. New settlers bought a share in the

company or paid for their passage – were granted 50 acres of land for each family member over 15 and for each servant they brought.

1619 – 1st women came 1st African “Christian Servants” came

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2 E. E. Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal

Colony.Colony. 1. 1622 – More than 4,500 settlers 2. Natives got worried and

attacked. 3. King James made it a royal

colony – run by a governor appointed by the

king.

Chapter 2, Sec 2Chapter 2, Sec 2 F.F. MARYLAND is founded.MARYLAND is founded. 1. George Calvert – Lord Baltimore founded Maryland in 1632 as a

Catholic refuge. 2. Proprietary Colony – owned

the colony and could govern it any way he wished. Could appoint officials, coin money, impose taxes, establish courts, grant lands, & create towns.

3. Most of the settlers were Protestants – estate owners & government officials were Catholic.

Chapter 2, Section 3 Chapter 2, Section 3

NEW ENGLAND

The Mayflower

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3

I. The Pilgrims Land at Plymouth Puritans (Separatists) = Pilgrims

From England to Holland to America

A. The Mayflower Arrives in America. Used CPT John Smith’s map of New England.

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3 B. Plymouth Colony – located on Massachusetts Bay. 1. Began with a “common house” and then built homes. 2. SQUANTO taught them how to survive & helped them negotiate a peace treaty with the Wampanoag

people. 3. A Thanksgiving was

held the next autumn to celebrate harvest & to give thanks.

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3II. The Puritans Found Massachusetts.

A. A City on a Hill – John Winthrop 1. Massachusetts Bay Colony

became a refuge for Puritans in America. Boston was the capital. 2. By 1643 about 20,000 settlers came to N. England – called The Great Migration.

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3 B. Church and State. 1. The charter defined the government.

Stock Holders = freemen. All freemen = General Court – made the laws &

elected the governor. 2. 1st Governor – John Winthrop He lied to the people – told them only he made

the laws & kept the charter locked up for 4 years.

3. General Court reorganized the government when they discovered the lie.

They made the government a representative assembly with elections.

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3 4. Under Winthrop, laws were passed:

* Everyone had to go to church.

* Government collected taxes to

support the church.

* Government regulated behavior.

No blasphemy

No adultery

No gambling No drunkenness

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3

5. Heretics – people

whose religious beliefs

differ from the majority.

Anne Hutchinson

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3III. Rhode Island & Religious Dissent A. Roger Williams – founded Providence, Rhode Island because he challenged Puritan authority by declaring that the land in Plymouth belonged to the Native Americans. • The government made him leave. He bought land from the Narragansett people and established Rhode Island. • Different religions were tolerated there and the government had no authority over religious matters.

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3 B. Anne Hutchinson is Banished 1. Held prayer meetings and claimed

that she knew which ministers had salvation and which did not.

2. General Court banished her because she said God spoke directly to her.

3. She & her followers founded Portsmouth, R.I.

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3 C. Rhode Island

1. Other Puritans were banished and began new towns – Newport in 1639 and Warwick in 1643.

2. Religious freedom was a key part of the Rhode Island’s charter – separation of church and state.

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3IV. The River Towns of Connecticut A. 1636 – Rev. Thomas Hooker wanted to move his congregation for more land, and he believed all men should vote for representatives. B. Founded Hartford

* *C. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - the first written constitution of the American colonies. Allowed all adult men (not

just church members) to elect governor and General Court.

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3 D. The Pequot War 1. Pequots and Mohegans lived in the Connecticut colony and tolerated the settlers because they needed allies against the Narraganset. 2. Two MA traders were killed in Pequot

territory, so MA sent troops and the war began. 3. The Mohegans and the Narraganset

helped the colony conquer the Pequots. 4. Pequot survivors eventually were

resettled by the Mystic River.

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3 IV. IV. New HampshireNew Hampshire and and MaineMaine A. Some of A. Hutchinson’s followers established A. Some of A. Hutchinson’s followers established EXETER (NH).EXETER (NH).

B. Territory N. of MA had been granted to:B. Territory N. of MA had been granted to:

Sir Fernando GorgesSir Fernando Gorges = Maine = Maine CPT John MasonCPT John Mason = New Hampshire = New Hampshire C. C. NH became an NH became an royal colonyroyal colony ME was bought by MAME was bought by MA

MaineMaine

Exeter, NHExeter, NH

C 2, Sec 3C 2, Sec 3V. KING PHILIP’S WAR

In 1675, Plymouth Colony tried three Wampanoags & executed them for murder.

King Philip (Metacomet) led an attack & was later killed. The settlers won the war in 1678. TURNING POINT – Natives left or scattered and New England now belonged to the English settlers.

CHAPTER 2, Sec 4CHAPTER 2, Sec 4THE MIDDLE & SOUTHERN COLONIESTHE MIDDLE & SOUTHERN COLONIES

I. I. The English Civil War and the Colonies.The English Civil War and the Colonies. The English Civil War began in 1642. Charles I arrested Puritan leaders in Parliament 1646 – Parliament’s army defeated the king’s army, captured the king and sentenced him to death. Oliver Cromwell became “Lord Protector of England.”

Chapter 2, Sec 4Chapter 2, Sec 4 A. A. The Colonies Choose Sides.The Colonies Choose Sides. 1. Who would the colonists support – the King or Parliament? 2. VA – supported the king until 1652. A fleet

sent by Parliament forced them to change sides. 3. Maryland – supported the king until

Protestants rebelled. So, he appointed a Protestant Governor and passed the

MARYLAND TOLERATION ACT that granted religious toleration to all Christians in Maryland (but was intended to protect the Catholic minority).

4. The Puritans backed Parliament & many settlers left to fight in the war in England.

Chapter 2, Sec 4Chapter 2, Sec 4B. B. Colonization ResumesColonization Resumes..

1. Cromwell died in 1658.1. Cromwell died in 1658.

2. Parliament invited 2. Parliament invited

Charles IICharles II to take the throne to take the throne

in 1660 = in 1660 = RestorationRestoration

3. Now England took a renewed interest 3. Now England took a renewed interest in the in the coloniescolonies because they were vital because they were vital sources of sources of raw materialsraw materials & & marketsmarkets for for manufactured goods. manufactured goods.

Chapter 2, Sec 4Chapter 2, Sec 4II. II. New Netherland Becomes New York.New Netherland Becomes New York. A. The History of New Netherland. 1. Henry Hudson – found Hudson River

& convinced Dutch to trap furs there. They called it New Netherland -1614. 2. Major settlement – New

Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. Dutch bought it from Natives for 60 florins (about 24 dollars).

3. It did not grow fast because they emphasized fur trading, not colonization. Only 1,500 people in 1646.

CHAPTER 2, Sec 4CHAPTER 2, Sec 4 4. To increase its size, New Netherland allowed 4. To increase its size, New Netherland allowed

anyone to buy anyone to buy landland..

5. By 1664, there were over 10,000 people. 5. By 1664, there were over 10,000 people.

6. 6. SettlersSettlers came from: came from:

FranceFrance GermanyGermany PolandPoland Spain Spain ItalyItaly

& other parts of Europe& other parts of Europe

Portuguese JewsPortuguese Jews founded one of founded one of

the first synagogues in North America.the first synagogues in North America.

Chapter 2, Sec 4Chapter 2, Sec 4 7. Dutch merchants entered the 7. Dutch merchants entered the

slave trade in the 1620s. By 1664 slave trade in the 1620s. By 1664 AfricansAfricans made up 10% of the people.made up 10% of the people.

B. B. NEW YORKNEW YORK & & NEW JERSEYNEW JERSEY 1. 1664 – King Charles decided to seize

New Netherland. He granted all the land from Delaware Bay to Connecticut River to his brother James – the Duke of York.

2. James sent warships to take New Netherland from the Dutch. 3. The Duke of York renamed

the New Netherlands. He called it New York.

Chapter 2, Sec 4Chapter 2, Sec 4 4. The Duke of York granted land to:4. The Duke of York granted land to:

Sir George CarteretSir George Carteret ProprietorsProprietors

& & Lord John BerkleyLord John Berkley

5. The Duke named the 5. The Duke named the

colony colony New JerseyNew Jersey

6. To attract settlers they6. To attract settlers they

offeredoffered: * : * land grantsland grants

* * religious freedomreligious freedom

* * right to elect aright to elect a

legislative assemblylegislative assembly

Chapter 2, Sec 4III. Pennsylvania & Delaware William Penn inherited his father’s estate. King Charles owed Penn’s father a debt. Penn was a Quaker & King Charles had banned and persecuted the Quakers.

QUESTION: Should the king take the easy way to pay off a debt by granting Penn’s son land?

Chapter 2, Sec 4

A. THE QUAKERS

1. Quakers Beliefs No Church or Ministers “inner light” has more authority than

the Bible Objected to all political & religious

authority (no taxes or military service) “Pacificism” – opposition to war or

violence as a means to settle disputes.

Chapter 2, Sec 4

B. The “HOLY EXPERIMENT” 1. 1670s – William & other Quakers bought New Jersey from Berkley & Carteret, but Puritans did not

treat the Quakers well. 2. 1680 – King Charles gave Penn his

own colony, but insisted it be named after Penn’s father – Pennsylvania (Penn’s Woods).

3. Penn called it a “Holy Experiment” because settlers had complete political & religious freedom & he wanted to befriend the natives.

Chapter 2, Sec 4

4. 1862 – Treaty of Shackamaxon – Lenape Natives ceded land to the colonists.

5. Penn built“the city of

brotherly love” –

Philadelphia on this land

CHAPTER 2, Sec 4

6. Pennsylvania Government - legislative assembly elected by voters. Proprietor appointed the governor. Colonists who owned 50 acres of land &

professed faith in Jesus Christ could vote. 7. Germans and Scots-Irish settled here.

8. Penn bought land from the Duke of York and later this became the colony of Delaware

CHAPTER 2, SEC 4

IV. NEW SOUTHERN COLONIES Charles II gave a vast territory south of

Virginia to eight friends and named it

Carolina – Charles in Latin

A. NORTH CAROLINA – Mostly farmers No good harbor Later grew tobacco & shipped tar, pitch, and turpentine.

Chapter 2, Sec 4

B. SOUTH CAROLINA 1. Thought they could grow

sugarcane, but it did not grow well. 2. Charles Town (Charleston) was the

1st settlement named after the king.

3. Exported deerskin (leather); shipped Native Americans to the Caribbean.

Chapter 2, Sec 4Chapter 2, Sec 4

C. C.

1.1. James OglethorpeJames Oglethorpe (1732) began (1732) began Georgia as a Georgia as a penal colonypenal colony – poor could start – poor could start over. over.

2.2. Banned Banned slaveryslavery, , rumrum and and brandybrandy.. 3.3. Limited land grants to 500 acres. Limited land grants to 500 acres.

OglethorpeOglethorpe

4.4. Many Europeans were attracted Many Europeans were attracted to the area – Scots, Welsh, Germans, to the area – Scots, Welsh, Germans, Swiss, Italians, Portuguese JewsSwiss, Italians, Portuguese Jews 5.5. 1751 – Georgia became 1751 – Georgia became a a royal colonyroyal colony..

Oglethorpe

Chapter 2, Sec 4D. England’s American Colonies

1775 – 2.5 million people The English government had permitted new

land ownership patterns, new types of worship, and new kinds of government in its colonies.

*** The colonies became used to

self-government & believed it was their right.