Dossier 3 Economic Diversity in the 19th Century

Dossier 3 Economic Diversity During the British RegimeChapter 2 Economy & Development

Mr. Wilson

LMACRecap How did the British Regime begin?

Treaty of Utrecht1713http://www.champlain2004.org/html/12/1203_full_1_e.html

Led to the DeportationOf the Acadians

The Battle on the PlainsOf Abraham1763

Treaty of ParisRecap on the Start of the British RegimeTreaty of Utrecht in 1713

The Deportation of the Acadians

The Battle on the Plains of Abraham

The Treaty of Paris 1763The Fur trade in decline Leads to the Treaty of Utrech in 1713

After the Treaty of Paris the furs from New England were sent to Britain.

The Fur trade remained the main economic activity up until the 19th century and the Napoleonic Wars.

The Fur trade started to decline and Forestry (or timber) took over!

7What was happening Economically?The Fur trade remained the main economic activity until

The British were suddenly involved in the Napoleonic Wars which led to a need for

As a result the Fur Trade was replaced byThe Fur trade remained the main economic activity untilThe end of the 19th Century.

The British suddenly involved in the Napoleonic Wars which led to a need forTimber (think Navy).

As a result the Fur Trade was replaced by the Timber Trade.

8The Decline of the Fur Trade

The Decline of the Fur TradeThe Scottish, the English, the Americans set up businesses Montreal Why?

The French companies disappear Why?

French Canadian Voyageurs are they still around? Why?The Scottish, the English and the Americans all started settling in Montreal to do business after the British conquest.

The French companies virtually disappeared as the British took over.

However the French Canadian Voyageurs were still highly recognised for their knowledge and contact with the Amerindians.

10The Decline of the Fur TradeIn the North and the West = Fur Trade.

In 1783 = the Northwest Company is formed (Land Prospecting).

Fur Trade almost over very low demand.

HBC combines with the NWC.

But by 1821 The Fur Trade in Montreal stops completely.

Although the North and the West were still doing a lot of business in the Fur Trade, after 1783 all of the southern territory was lost.

In 1783 several Montreal merchants combined to form the Northwest Company which was responsible for a good amount of land prospecting in Canada.

The Northwest Company and the HBC spent a lot of time and money competing in a market that was slowing down.

As a result, they merged in 1821 and the Fur Trade in Montreal basically stopped all together.

11

The Northwest Company!

Reasons for the Change? Why did the Economic focus change so drastically under the British?(And as Historians there is never just ONE answer!)What had the Biggest Impact on the Economy at this point?The Quebec Act of 1774

U.S. War of Independence 1775-1783

The Napoleonic Wars

INDUSTRIALIZATION

Reason #1The Quebec Act 1774Made provisions for the French living in the British colony.

Made it legal to be Catholic, own land and run a business.

Reinstated French Civil Law (marriages, disputes, etc.) while maintaining English Common Law (Administration, criminals, etc.)

Reason #2American Independence

The Napoleonic Wars1803-1815Reason #3

Napoleon BonaparteBefore Napoleon18th century England got its wood from

Why didnt they buy timber from their colonies in North America?

However, this suddenly changed when Napoleon arrived on the scene!During the 18th century, England was getting its timber form Northern Europe (Russia, Prussia and Norway.)

Canada had a tough time breaking into this market due to the cost of transportation across the Atlantic.

However, this suddenly changed when Napoleon arrived on the scene!

21Napoleons Campaign1806 Napoleons Goal.

Napoleons Grande Arme

British Navy The best

To invade England, what does Napoleon have to do first?

The BlockadeForces England to get its wood from its colonies.

Impact on New Englands economy?

British investors war effort.

Ships using the St-Laurence increases by600%Napoleons blockade forced England to get its wood from its colonies.

In other words = fur trade out, timber in!

British investors started putting up huge amounts of CAPITAL in order to get the timber business rolling to help with the war effort.

Also, the number of ships going up and down the St-Laurence multiplied by 6 in a ten year period24

British Man-o-War

The Timber EconomyLower Canada (Quebec) produced mainly SQUARE-SAWN TIMBER used for ship parts and construction.

New Jobs created:Lumber JackLoggers or RaftsmenStevedores or longshoremenCarpenters and woodworkersLabour for the lumber mills

The Timber EconomyExpansion of territory: the Outaouais Saguenay Lac-St-Jean and the Mauricie

Lots of work = Increased STANDARD OF LIVING

What happens to the GDP?

The Timber EconomyInvestors were obviously

War is generally good for business.

The Bank of Montreal opened in 1817.

It is Canadas oldest bank.

Side-Note!Early 19th century - England could no longer feed its population (i.e.: the Blockade)

As a result, the Brits started relying on Canadas wheat production to help out.

Upper Canada produced most of the wheat, while Lower Canada produced more ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. Why?

Reason #4IndustrializationIndustrialization

IndustrializationThe 19th century = Industrialization.

Master craftsmen suddenly replaced by unskilled workers.

Industrial Capitalism starts to compete with local tradesmen.IndustrializationIndustrialization = URBANIZATION.

People start moving to the cities for work.

Trois-Rivires, Quebec and especially Montreal, with its huge port were developing quickly. Why?

Montreal the largest in-land sea port in the world!Industrial Economic PolicyProtectionist Policy = where a government sets up customs and duties on its imports and exports in order to contain outside competition.

So England would do business with its coloniesIndustrial Economic PolicyLiberalism Policy = this is the belief that the government should not interfere with economics.

Hence the idea of Free Trade

Naturally, who become Canadas biggest business partner? Reasons:ProximityLarge population = Large demandIndustrial TransportationIndustrialization changed business.

Transportation suddenly becomes extremely important.

1825 The construction of the Erie Canal in the U.S.

Canada starts investing in its transportation network.

Canadas CanalsThe Lachine Canal (1821-1825)So steam boats could go around the Lachine RapidsThe Rideau Canal (1826-1832)Connecting the Ottawa river to Lake OntarioThe Chambly Canal (1833-1843)Connects the Richelieu River to Lake Champlain.

Questions?