chapter 2 elementary programming - timlintimlin.net/csm/cis254/02slide.pdf · to write java...

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All

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Chapter 2 Elementary Programming


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Motivations

In the preceding chapter, you learned how to

create, compile, and run a Java program. Starting

from this chapter, you will learn how to solve

practical problems programmatically. Through

these problems, you will learn Java primitive data

types and related subjects, such as variables,

constants, data types, operators, expressions, and

input and output.


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Objectives To write Java programs to perform simple computations (§2.2).

To obtain input from the console using the Scanner class (§2.3).

To use identifiers to name variables, constants, methods, and classes (§2.4).

To use variables to store data (§§2.5–2.6).

To program with assignment statements and assignment expressions (§2.6).

To use constants to store permanent data (§2.7).

To name classes, methods, variables, and constants by following their naming conventions (§2.8).

To explore Java numeric primitive data types: byte, short, int, long, float, and double (§2.9.1).

To perform operations using operators +, -, *, /, and % (§2.9.2).

To perform exponent operations using Math.pow(a, b) (§2.9.3).

To write integer literals, floating-point literals, and literals in scientific notation (§2.10).

To write and evaluate numeric expressions (§2.11).

To obtain the current system time using System.currentTimeMillis() (§2.12).

To use augmented assignment operators (§2.13).

To distinguish between postincrement and preincrement and between postdecrement and predecrement (§2.14).

To cast the value of one type to another type (§2.15).

To describe the software development process and apply it to develop the loan payment program (§2.16).

To represent characters using the char type (§2.17).

To represent a string using the String type (§2.18).

To obtain input using the JOptionPane input dialog boxes (§2.19).


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Introducing Programming with an

Example

Listing 2.1 Computing the Area of a Circle

This program computes the area of the circle.

ComputeArea

RunIMPORTANT NOTE: (1) To enable the buttons, you must

download the entire slide file slide.zip and unzip the files into a

directory (e.g., c:\slide) . (2) You must have installed JDK and set

JDK’s bin directory in your environment path (e.g., c:\Program

Files\java\jdk1.7.0\bin in your environment path. (3) If you are

using Office 2010, check PowerPoint2010.doc located in the same

folder with this ppt file.


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Trace a Program Executionpublic class ComputeArea {

/** Main method */

public static void main(String[] args) {

double radius;

double area;

// Assign a radius

radius = 20;

// Compute area

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results

System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +

radius + " is " + area);

}

}

no valueradius

allocate memory

for radius

animation


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/** Main method */


double radius;

double area;

// Assign a radius

radius = 20;

// Compute area


// Display results



}

}

no valueradius

memory

no valuearea

allocate memory

for area

animation


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/** Main method */


double radius;

double area;

// Assign a radius

radius = 20;

// Compute area


// Display results



}

}

20radius

no valuearea

assign 20 to radius

animation


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/** Main method */


double radius;

double area;

// Assign a radius

radius = 20;

// Compute area


// Display results



}

}

20radius

memory

1256.636area

compute area and assign it

to variable area

animation


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/** Main method */


double radius;

double area;

// Assign a radius

radius = 20;

// Compute area


// Display results



}

}

20radius

memory

1256.636area

print a message to the

console

animation


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Reading Input from the Console

1. Create a Scanner object

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

2. Use the methods next(), nextByte(), nextShort(),

nextInt(), nextLong(), nextFloat(), nextDouble(), or nextBoolean() to obtain to a string, byte, short, int, long, float, double, or boolean value. For example,

System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

double d = input.nextDouble();ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput

Run

ComputeAverage

Run


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Identifiers

An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of

letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).

An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_),

or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.

– An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix A,

“Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).

An identifier cannot be true, false, or

null.

An identifier can be of any length.


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Variables

// Compute the first area

radius = 1.0;


System.out.println("The area is “ +

area + " for radius "+radius);

// Compute the second area

radius = 2.0;


System.out.println("The area is “ +

area + " for radius "+radius);


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Declaring Variables

int x; // Declare x to be an

// integer variable;

double radius; // Declare radius to

// be a double variable;

char a; // Declare a to be a

// character variable;


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Assignment Statements

x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;

radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;


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Declaring and Initializing

in One Step

int x = 1;

double d = 1.4;


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Named Constants

final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;

final double PI = 3.14159;

final int SIZE = 3;


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Naming Conventions

Choose meaningful and descriptive names.

Variables and method names:

– Use lowercase. If the name consists of several

words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase

for the first word, and capitalize the first letter

of each subsequent word in the name. For

example, the variables radius and area, and

the method computeArea.


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Naming Conventions, cont.

Class names:

– Capitalize the first letter of each word in the name. For example, the class name ComputeArea.

Constants:

– Capitalize all letters in constants, and use underscores to connect words. For example, the constant PI and MAX_VALUE


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Numerical Data Types

Name Range Storage Size

byte –27 to 27 – 1 (-128 to 127) 8-bit signed

short –215 to 215 – 1 (-32768 to 32767) 16-bit signed

int –231 to 231 – 1 (-2147483648 to 2147483647) 32-bit signed

long –263 to 263 – 1 64-bit signed

(i.e., -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807)

float Negative range: 32-bit IEEE 754

-3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45

Positive range:

1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38

double Negative range: 64-bit IEEE 754

-1.7976931348623157E+308 to -4.9E-324

Positive range:

4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308


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Numeric Operators

Name Meaning Example Result

+ Addition 34 + 1 35

- Subtraction 34.0 – 0.1 33.9

* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000

/ Division 1.0 / 2.0 0.5

% Remainder 20 % 3 2


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Integer Division

+, -, *, /, and %

5 / 2 yields an integer 2.

5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5

5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)


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Remainder Operator

Remainder is very useful in programming. For example, an even number % 2 is always 0 and an odd number % 2 is always 1. So you can use this property to determine whether a number

is even or odd. Suppose today is Saturday and you and your friends are going to meet in 10 days. What day is in 10 days? You can find that day is Tuesday using the following expression:

Saturday is the 6th day in a week

A week has 7 days

After 10 days

The 2nd day in a week is Tuesday (6 + 10) % 7 is 2


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Problem: Displaying Time

Write a program that obtains hours and

minutes from seconds.

DisplayTime Run


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NOTE

Calculations involving floating-point numbers are

approximated because these numbers are not stored

with complete accuracy. For example,

System.out.println(1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);

displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5, and

System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);

displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1. Integers are

stored precisely. Therefore, calculations with integers

yield a precise integer result.


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Exponent Operations

System.out.println(Math.pow(2, 3));

// Displays 8.0

System.out.println(Math.pow(4, 0.5));

// Displays 2.0

System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, 2));

// Displays 6.25

System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, -2));

// Displays 0.16


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Number Literals

A literal is a constant value that appears directly in the program. For example, 34, 1,000,000, and 5.0 are literals in the following statements:

int i = 34;

long x = 1000000;

double d = 5.0;


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Integer LiteralsAn integer literal can be assigned to an integer variable as

long as it can fit into the variable. A compilation error

would occur if the literal were too large for the variable to

hold. For example, the statement byte b = 1000 would

cause a compilation error, because 1000 cannot be stored

in a variable of the byte type.

An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose

value is between -231 (-2147483648) to 231–1

(2147483647). To denote an integer literal of the long

type, append it with the letter L or l. L is preferred because

l (lowercase L) can easily be confused with 1 (the digit

one).


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Floating-Point Literals

Floating-point literals are written with a decimal

point. By default, a floating-point literal is treated

as a double type value. For example, 5.0 is

considered a double value, not a float value. You

can make a number a float by appending the letter f

or F, and make a number a double by appending

the letter d or D. For example, you can use 100.2f

or 100.2F for a float number, and 100.2d or 100.2D

for a double number.


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Scientific Notation

Floating-point literals can also be specified in

scientific notation, for example, 1.23456e+2,

same as 1.23456e2, is equivalent to 123.456, and

1.23456e-2 is equivalent to 0.0123456. E (or e)

represents an exponent and it can be either in

lowercase or uppercase.


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Arithmetic Expressions

)94

(9))(5(10

5

43

y

x

xx

cbayx

is translated to

(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)


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How to Evaluate an Expression

Though Java has its own way to evaluate an

expression behind the scene, the result of a Java

expression and its corresponding arithmetic expression

are the same. Therefore, you can safely apply the

arithmetic rule for evaluating a Java expression.

3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * (4 + 3) - 1

3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * 7 – 1

3 + 16 + 5 * 7 – 1

3 + 16 + 35 – 1

19 + 35 – 1

54 - 1

53

(1) inside parentheses first

(2) multiplication

(3) multiplication

(4) addition

(6) subtraction

(5) addition


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Problem: Converting Temperatures

Write a program that converts a Fahrenheit degree

to Celsius using the formula:

FahrenheitToCelsius Run

)32)((95 fahrenheitcelsius

Note: you have to write

celsius = (5.0 / 9) * (fahrenheit – 32)


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Problem: Displaying Current TimeWrite a program that displays current time in GMT in the

format hour:minute:second such as 1:45:19.

The currentTimeMillis method in the System class returns

the current time in milliseconds since the midnight, January

1, 1970 GMT. (1970 was the year when the Unix operating

system was formally introduced.) You can use this method

to obtain the current time, and then compute the current

second, minute, and hour as follows.

ShowCurrentTime

Run

Elapsed

time

Unix Epoch

01-01-1970

00:00:00 GMT

Current Time

Time

System.currentTimeMills()


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Shortcut Assignment Operators

Operator Example Equivalent

+= i += 8 i = i + 8

-= f -= 8.0 f = f - 8.0

*= i *= 8 i = i * 8

/= i /= 8 i = i / 8

%= i %= 8 i = i % 8


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Increment and

Decrement Operators

Operator Name Description

++var preincrement The expression (++var) increments var by 1 and evaluates

to the new value in var after the increment.

var++ postincrement The expression (var++) evaluates to the original value

in var and increments var by 1.

--var predecrement The expression (--var) decrements var by 1 and evaluates

to the new value in var after the decrement.

var-- postdecrement The expression (var--) evaluates to the original value

in var and decrements var by 1.


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Increment and

Decrement Operators, cont.

int i = 10;

int newNum = 10 * i++;

int newNum = 10 * i;

i = i + 1;

Same effect as

int i = 10;

int newNum = 10 * (++i);

i = i + 1;

int newNum = 10 * i;

Same effect as


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Increment and

Decrement Operators, cont.

Using increment and decrement operators makes

expressions short, but it also makes them complex and

difficult to read. Avoid using these operators in expressions

that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for

multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.


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Assignment Expressions and

Assignment Statements

Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as

statements. Since Java 2, only the following types of

expressions can be statements:

variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or %

++variable;

variable++;

--variable;

variable--;


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Numeric Type Conversion

Consider the following statements:

byte i = 100;

long k = i * 3 + 4;

double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2;


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Conversion Rules

When performing a binary operation involving two

operands of different types, Java automatically

converts the operand based on the following rules:

1. If one of the operands is double, the other is

converted into double.

2. Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is

converted into float.

3. Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is

converted into long.

4. Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.


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Type Casting

Implicit casting

double d = 3; (type widening)

Explicit casting

int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)

int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is truncated)

What is wrong? int x = 5 / 2.0;

byte, short, int, long, float, double

range increases


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Problem: Keeping Two Digits After

Decimal Points

Write a program that displays the sales tax with two digits after the decimal point.

SalesTax Run


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Casting in an Augmented Expression

In Java, an augmented expression of the form x1 op=

x2 is implemented as x1 = (T)(x1 op x2), where T is

the type for x1. Therefore, the following code is

correct.

int sum = 0;

sum += 4.5; // sum becomes 4 after this statement

sum += 4.5 is equivalent to sum = (int)(sum + 4.5).


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Software Development Process

Requirement

Specification

System

Analysis

System

Design

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance

Deployment


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Requirement Specification

Requirement

Specification

System

Analysis

System

Design

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance

Deployment

A formal process that seeks to understand

the problem and document in detail what

the software system needs to do. This

phase involves close interaction between

users and designers.

Most of the examples in this book are simple,

and their requirements are clearly stated. In

the real world, however, problems are not

well defined. You need to study a problem

carefully to identify its requirements.


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System Analysis

Requirement

Specification

System

Analysis

System

Design

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance

Deployment

Seeks to analyze the business

process in terms of data flow, and

to identify the system’s input and

output.

Part of the analysis entails modeling

the system’s behavior. The model is

intended to capture the essential

elements of the system and to define

services to the system.


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System Design

Requirement

Specification

System

Analysis

System

Design

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance

Deployment

The process of designing the

system’s components.

This phase involves the use of many levels

of abstraction to decompose the problem into

manageable components, identify classes and

interfaces, and establish relationships among

the classes and interfaces.


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IPO

Requirement

Specification

System

Analysis

System

Design

Input, Process, Output

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance

Deployment

The essence of system analysis and design is input,

process, and output. This is called IPO.


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Implementation

Requirement

Specification

System

Analysis

System

Design

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance

Deployment

The process of translating the

system design into programs.

Separate programs are written for

each component and put to work

together.

This phase requires the use of a

programming language like Java.

The implementation involves

coding, testing, and debugging.


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Testing

Requirement

Specification

System

Analysis

System

Design

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance

Deployment

Ensures that the code meets the

requirements specification and

weeds out bugs.

An independent team of software

engineers not involved in the design

and implementation of the project

usually conducts such testing.


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Deployment

Requirement

Specification

System

Analysis

System

Design

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance

Deployment

Deployment makes the project

available for use.

For a Java applet, this means

installing it on a Web server; for a

Java application, installing it on the

client's computer.


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Maintenance

Requirement

Specification

System

Analysis

System

Design

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance

Deployment

Maintenance is concerned with

changing and improving the

product.

A software product must continue to

perform and improve in a changing

environment. This requires periodic

upgrades of the product to fix newly

discovered bugs and incorporate changes.


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Problem:

Computing Loan Payments

ComputeLoan Run

This program lets the user enter the interest

rate, number of years, and loan amount, and

computes monthly payment and total

payment.

12)1(11

arsnumberOfYeerestRatemonthlyInt

erestRatemonthlyIntloanAmountmentmonthlyPay


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Character Data Type

char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)

char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)

char letter = '\u0041'; (Unicode)

char numChar = '\u0034'; (Unicode)

Four hexadecimal digits.

NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can also be used

on char variables to get the next or preceding Unicode character.

For example, the following statements display character b.

char ch = 'a';

System.out.println(++ch);


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Unicode Format

Java characters use Unicode, a 16-bit encoding scheme

established by the Unicode Consortium to support the

interchange, processing, and display of written texts in the

world’s diverse languages. Unicode takes two bytes,

preceded by \u, expressed in four hexadecimal numbers

that run from '\u0000' to '\uFFFF'. So, Unicode can

represent 65535 + 1 characters.

Unicode \u03b1 \u03b2 \u03b3 for three Greek

letters


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Problem: Displaying Unicodes

Write a program that displays two Chinese characters and three Greek letters.

DisplayUnicode Run


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Escape Sequences for Special Characters

Description Escape Sequence Unicode

Backspace \b \u0008

Tab \t \u0009

Linefeed \n \u000A

Carriage return \r \u000D

Backslash \\ \u005C

Single Quote \' \u0027

Double Quote \" \u0022


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Appendix B: ASCII Character Set

ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f


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ASCII Character Set, cont.

ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f


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Casting between char and

Numeric Types

int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';

char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;


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Problem: Monetary Units

This program lets the user enter the amount in

decimal representing dollars and cents and output

a report listing the monetary equivalent in single

dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies.

Your program should report maximum number of

dollars, then the maximum number of quarters,

and so on, in this order.

ComputeChange Run


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Trace ComputeChange

int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100);

// Find the number of one dollars

int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100;

remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25;


// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;


// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;


// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

1156remainingAmount

remainingAmount

initialized

Suppose amount is 11.56


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Trace ComputeChange
















1156remainingAmount


11numberOfOneDollars

numberOfOneDollars

assigned

animation


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Trace ComputeChange
















56remainingAmount



remainingAmount

updated

animation


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Trace ComputeChange
















56remainingAmount



2numberOfOneQuarters

numberOfOneQuarters

assigned

animation


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Trace ComputeChange
















6remainingAmount



2numberOfQuarters

remainingAmount

updated

animation


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The String Type The char type only represents one character. To represent a string

of characters, use the data type called String. For example,

String message = "Welcome to Java";

String is actually a predefined class in the Java library just like the

System class and JOptionPane class. The String type is not a

primitive type. It is known as a reference type. Any Java class can

be used as a reference type for a variable. Reference data types

will be thoroughly discussed in Chapter 8, “Objects and Classes.”

For the time being, you just need to know how to declare a String

variable, how to assign a string to the variable, and how to

concatenate strings.


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String Concatenation

// Three strings are concatenated

String message = "Welcome " + "to " + "Java";

// String Chapter is concatenated with number 2

String s = "Chapter" + 2; // s becomes Chapter2

// String Supplement is concatenated with character B

String s1 = "Supplement" + 'B'; // s1 becomes SupplementB


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Debugging

Logic errors are called bugs. The process of finding and

correcting errors is called debugging. A common approach

to debugging is to use a combination of methods to narrow

down to the part of the program where the bug is located.

You can hand-trace the program (i.e., catch errors by

reading the program), or you can insert print statements in

order to show the values of the variables or the execution

flow of the program. This approach might work for a

short, simple program. But for a large, complex program,

the most effective approach for debugging is to use a

debugger utility.


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Debugger

Debugger is a program that facilitates debugging.

You can use a debugger to

Execute a single statement at a time.

Trace into or stepping over a method.

Set breakpoints.

Display variables.

Display call stack.

Modify variables.


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JOptionPane Input

This book provides two ways of obtaining input.

1. Using the Scanner class (console input)

2. Using JOptionPane input dialogs


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Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes

String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(

"Enter an input");


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Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes

String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(

null, “Prompting Message”, “Dialog Title”,

JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);


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Two Ways to Invoke the MethodThere are several ways to use the showInputDialog method. For the time being, you only need to know two ways to invoke it.

One is to use a statement as shown in the example:

String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, x,

y, JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);

where x is a string for the prompting message, and y is a string for the title of the input dialog box.

The other is to use a statement like this:

JOptionPane.showInputDialog(x);

where x is a string for the prompting message.


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Converting Strings to Integers

The input returned from the input dialog box is a string. If you enter a numeric value such as 123, it returns “123”. To obtain the input as a number, you have to convert a string into a number.

To convert a string into an int value, you can use the static parseInt method in the Integer class as follows:

int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);

where intString is a numeric string such as “123”.


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Converting Strings to Doubles

To convert a string into a double value, you can use the

static parseDouble method in the Double class as follows:

double doubleValue =Double.parseDouble(doubleString);

where doubleString is a numeric string such as “123.45”.


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Problem: Computing Loan Payments

Using Input Dialogs

ComputeLoanUsingInputDialog Run

Same as the preceding program for computing loan

payments, except that the input is entered from the

input dialogs and the output is displayed in an

output dialog.

12)1(11

arsnumberOfYeerestRatemonthlyInt

erestRatemonthlyIntloanAmount


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Debugging in NetBeans

Supplement II.E, Learning Java Effectively with

NetBeans

Companion Website


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Debugging in Eclipse

Supplement II.G, Learning Java Effectively with

NetBeans

Companion Website

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