chapter 2 not responsible for section 10 section 8 we will talk about, but not focus
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Phonetics Slide. 1. Chapter 2 Not responsible for Section 10 Section 8 we will talk about, but not focus Homework exercises: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15 Problem Set 1 due 4/17 http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Ling%20390%20Problem%20Set%201.pdf Language Mini-Research Project HW1 due 4/10. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Chapter 2Not responsible for Section 10Section 8 we will talk about, but not focusHomework exercises: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15Problem Set 1 due 4/17
http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Ling%20390%20Problem%20Set%201.pdf
Language Mini-Research Project HW1 due 4/10
Phonetics
Slide 1
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
The study of speech soundsArticulatory or acoustic phoneticsSpeech sounds = phones, segmentsConsonants and vowels
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 2
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
TranscriptionInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)Break away from spellingIPA is one to one sound-symbol correspondence
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 3
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
TranscriptionBroad transcriptionNarrow transcription (uses diacritics)
Phonetics
Slide 4
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Sound classesConsonants, vowels and glidesSonorantSyllabic vs. nonsyllabicGlides
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 5
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
AnatomyParts of the body used for making speech (see video)Figure 2.1 page 19 The glottis - the space between the vocal folds (Figure 2.2) - Voiced, voiceless, whisper, murmur (breathy)
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 6
Link for vocal fold video 1 2
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
AnatomyPHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 7
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonant articulationSee Figure 2.3 p. 23 (slide 7)The tongueThe oral tract and places of articulation say: typical, sufficientManners of articulation
places and manner of articulation video
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 8
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonant articulation
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
places and manner of articulation video
alveolar ridge
palate (palatal)
velum (velar)
uvula (uvular)
lips (labial)
teeth (dental)
Phonetics
Slide 9
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants
Phonetics
Slide 10
say: typical = stops; sufficient = fricatives – vary in place of articulation
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Places of articulation (for English)
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Lips Teeth Ridge Roof of Soft
Behind top Mouth Palate
Teeth
Bilabial Labiodental Alveopalatal
Interdental Postalveolar
Palatoalveolar
also Glottal
Phonetics
Slide 11
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Order of 3-part descriptive terms:Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation
Consonants
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
so [d] is a voiced alveolar stop
Phonetics
Slide 12
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms:
Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 13
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
International Phonetic Alphabet Sound - symbol correspondenceTranscriptionDownload IPA font at www.sil.org, then go to computing in menu on bottom, then “Fonts in cyberspace”, then select “SIL fonts”, then “SIL IPA93”
Go to Peter Ladefoged’s website:
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/
Phonetics
Slide 14
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants - Stops Oral or nasal (see video1 or 2)Complete obstruction in oral cavityClosure and then release
Glottal stop10 English stops
Phonetics
Slide 15
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T3_Vpc44-0
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Narrowing in oral cavityNear closure - forcing air through small space - hissingFricatives are continuous air through the mouth (continuants)9 English fricatives
Consonants - Fricatives
Phonetics
Slide 16
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants - AffricatesDelayed release of stop causing fricative after2 English affricates
Phonetics
Slide 17
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants - Sibilants/StridentsLouder type of fricative/affricate6 English stridents
Phonetics
Slide 18
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants – Liquids and flapLaterals - air passes over sides of tonguer’s - bunched up tongue or retroflex2 English liquids - plus flap (See video)
Phonetics
Slide 19
Liq
uid
s
Glottal stop vs. flap in the word little
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants - GlidesAlmost no obstruction in oral cavity2 English glides[w] is really labiovelar
Phonetics
Slide 20
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms:
Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 21
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left)
Phonetics
Slide 22
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej
1 game
2 faith
3 day
4 case
5 hate
6 waste
Phonetics
Practice 23
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej
1 Jake
2 shape
3 beige
4 hang ?
5 change
Phonetics
Practice 24
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Exercise Examples
Phonetics
Practice 25
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants - OtherSyllabic nasals and liquidsVoiceless liquids and glides – after voiceless stops, no s- in front
Phonetics
Slide 26
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants - AspirationPuff of air after initial voiceless stopNot after s-
Phonetics
Slide 27
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe the following words in narrow transcription
- all of them have the vowel [ej]
1 shave
2 taste
3 whale
4 clay
5 ladle
6 tray
Phonetics
Practice 28
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
VowelsDifferent from consonantsA lot more variation (different dialects)Vowels are in a continuous space and gradientDescribed by tongue height and backnessAlso by rounding and tense/lax
Vowels are a 5 part descriptive terms:
Height -- Back/Front -- Un/Rounded -- Tense/lax -- Vowel
vowel videos
Phonetics
Slide 29
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
vowel words
Phonetics
Slide 30
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Transcription (aspiration if you can)
1 boot
2 book
3 boat
4 bought
5 pot
6 putt
Phonetics
Practice 31
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Transcription
1 beat
2 bick
3 bait
4 bet
5 bat
Phonetics
Practice 32
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Transcription
1 dive
2 down
3 boy
4 about
Phonetics
Practice 33
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Transcription – Aspiration if you can
Phonetics
Practice 34
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Broad Transcription
1 fast
2 loaf
3 cheese
4 made
5 baby
6 throw
7 should
8 fantastic
Phonetics
Practice 35
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Transcription
1 car
2 sir
3 horse
4 floor
5 cheer
6 there
Phonetics
Practice 36
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe (narrow if possible) the following words
1 craft
2 sigh
3 frog
4 paddle
5 loaf
6 through
Phonetics
Practice 37
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
1 oven
2 ice
3 voice
4 thunder
5 joint
Phonetics
Practice 38
Practice - Transcribe the following words – syllabic nasals and liquids
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Suprasegmentals (prosody)
pitch loudness length
Phonetics
Slide 39
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Pitch to change pitch, change tension of vocal folds (raise and lower Adam’s apple) Tone - meaningful differences signaled by different pitches Intonation - pitch changes in spoken utterances not related to differences in word meaning (but that do contain information)
Phonetics
Slide 40
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Tone register tones - level tones (Mpi tones, Hmong tones) contour tones - moving pitch on a word that signals different meanings of words (Chinese tones, Cantonese tones)
Phonetics
Slide 41
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Intonation “Don’t use that tone with me, young lady/man!” Terminal contour Nonterminal contour High rising terminal contours - One time, at band camp Downdrift
Phonetics
Slide 42
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Geminate consonants in ItalianVowel length in Danish
Length
Phonetics
Slide 43
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
More prominence - realized by length, pitch and/or loudness Always relative Primary and secondaryCan be meaningful in English
produce vs. produce - insult
Stress
Phonetics
Slide 44
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Speech Production Coarticulation - more than one articulator is active - please Articulatory processes - adjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but often for ease of articulation)
Assimilation Dissimilation Deletion Epenthesis Metathesis Vowel Reduction
Phonetics
Slide 45
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation - when the features or characteristics of one sound spread to another sound
Regressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of Y spreads to X (backwards).
Vowel nasalization before a nasal consonant - bed vs. Ben
Progressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of X spreads to Y (forward).
Voiceless liquids and glides - bride vs. pride
46
Phonetics
Slide
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Voicing assimilation - a sound takes on the same voicing as a nearby sound voicing - voiceless sound becomes voiced devoicing - voiced sound becomes voiceless
Phonetics
Slide 47
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation of place of articulation - a sound takes on the same place of articulation as a nearby sound Palatalization - making the place of articulation more palatal
Also term used for changing alveolar sound to post-alveolar
Homorganic nasal assimilation - a nasal consonant changes depending on the place of articulation of the following consonant
Phonetics
Slide 48
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation of manner of articulation - a sound takes on the same manner of articulation as a nearby sound Nasalization - making vowel nasalized
Flapping - between two vowels, an alveolar stop becomes a flap (where first syllable is stressed and second is not) (Flaps are considered continuant so more vowel like)
Phonetics
Slide 49
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Dissimilation Two sounds become less alike Rare process
Phonetics
Slide 50
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts
Articulatory Processes - Deletion
Phonetics
Slide 51
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Epenthesis Process that inserts a segment in certain phonetic contexts
Phonetics
Slide 52
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Metathesis Reordering of the sequence of segments
Phonetics
Slide 53
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Vowel Reduction In unstressed syllables, vowels become more central Common reduced vowels in English:
Phonetics
Slide 54
high central unrounded vowel
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory processes - Reviewadjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but for ease of articulation)
Assimilation - regressive or progressiveOf voicing - voicing or devoicingPlace of articulation - palatalization, homorganic nasal assimilationManner of articulation - nasalization, flapping
Dissimilation - orange juice Deletion - fifs, husban Epenthesis - warmpth Metathesis - aks, pisghetti Vowel Reduction - Ohio or Ohia? Missouri
Examples of stressed, unstressed and reduced vowels
Phonetics
Slide 55
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory ProcessesWhat processes are involved?
Phonetics
Slide 56
ij = i
uw = u
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory ProcessesTo identify articulatory process involved, you need to look at differences between the starting (usually careful pronunciation) and ending pronunciation (normal speech)
If a sound is missing = If a sound has been added =If the order of sounds has changed =If a sound has changed:
Determine how the sound has changed (what phonetic property has changed: voicing, place or manner of articulation)Compare this phonetic property to nearby soundsIf the changed phonetic property matches nearby sounds =If the changed phonetic property does not match nearby sounds =
deletion
epenthesis
metathesis
assimilation
dissimilation
Phonetics
Slide 57
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants!!! 3 (main) Descriptive Terms!!!
#1.) Voicing (left = voiceless right = voiced)#2.)Place of Articulation
#3.) Manner of…
Therefore: [d] is a voiced alveolar stop
Remember this!!! *note! (exclamation points are great learning tools!)
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Vowels!!! 4 (main) Descriptive Terms!!!#1.) High or Low
#2.) Front or Back
#3.)Rounded
Or
Unrounded
#4.) Tense or Lax
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Ways to memorize the IPA chart!!!
Learn to draw it from memory in less than 1min!
WOW!!!No seriously, pay attention this is awesome…
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
#1.) How big is it? 6 by 8
68
MANNERS
PLACES
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
#2.) Make up a story!
p(eanut) b(utter)
STORY #2
t(astes) d(elicious) k(ola) g(od) ?
AND HERE
AND HERE
AND HERE
AND HERE
AND HERE
S(top)
F(ricking)
A(round)
N(ow)
L(azy)
G(uy)
B L I A Ap P V G
Your story could go here!
STORY#1
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
#3.) Remember cell numbers Get it? Cell numbers… Ha ha ha!
(how many symbols in each row/column?)
7
5 - 2 2 7 - 4 1 5 2Like a phone number 5-227-4152
9232
5
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
#1.) Remember the shape of the distribution
(Where do the symbols exist)?
MANNERS
PLACES
Want more? Vowels? Come to study sessions and office hours!!!
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Diacritics (there are 3 you need to know!)
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
For next time:Start Ch 3 Phonology – More theoretical and difficult than Ch 2!