CHAPTER2NOTES

-PLANTS:PROVISIONFORLIFE-

LESSON2.1:STRUCTUREOFFLOWERS

• _________________-femalereproductivestructure

o _________________-stickytoppart.Trapspollen.

o _________________-slendertubeconnectingstigma

andovary.

o _________________-largeroundedbottom.Contains

ovules.Theovarydevelopsintofruit.

o _________________-containeggcells,whichbecome

seedswhenfertilized.

• _________________-malereproductivestructure

o ___________________-knoblikestructureatthetop.

Producespollen.

o _______________________-thinstalkthatsupportsanther.

o _______________________-containsspermcells.

• _________________-brightlycoloredandscentedtoattractpollinators.

• _________________-leaf-likestructuresthatsurroundthebaseoftheflower.Encloses

andprotectsthedevelopingflowerbudbeforeitblooms.

• _________________________-enlargedupperportionofaflower’sstem.

• Mostflowershavebothmaleandfemalereproductiveparts.Somethough,only

haveone.

o _______________________-containingonthepistils.

o _______________________-containingonthestamens.

LESSON2.2:FROMPOLLENTOSEED

POLLINATION

• _____________________________-thetransferofpollenfromtheanthertothestigma.

o Insects,birds,andsmallanimals(called_____________________)aidinpollination.

Theseanimalsaredrawntoplantsbecauseoftheircolororthesweetsmell

oftheir___________________.

• _____________________________-unitingofaspermcellfromapollengrainwithaneggcell

intheovary.Thisleadstotheformationofaseed.

• _______________________________________-beingpollinatedbyitsownpollen.

• _______________________________________-thetransferofpollenfromoneflowertoanother.

• __________________-thefertilizedeggproducedwhentheeggcellandspermcell

combineinfertilization.

SEEDDEVELOPMENT

• Seedshave3mainparts:

o _________________-thebeginningofanewplant.

o _____________________________-storedfood.

o _____________________________-surroundsandprotectstheseeduntilitcangrow.

• Whenspermandeggunite,theresultingembryoisaminiatureplantmadeofa

plumule,radicle,andoneortwocotyledons.

o ________________________-tinyshootthatwillbecomethestemandleaves.

o ________________________-thesmallrootthatwilldevelopintoarootsystem.

o ___________________________-structuresdesignedforfoodabsorptionandstorage.

MONOCOTSANDDICOTS

• Monocots-have_________cotyledons.

• Dicots-have__________cotyledons.

LESSON2.3:PLANTPROCESSES

PLANTLIFECYCLE

• Pollination

• Fertilization

• ___________________________-earlygrowthoftheplant

o Occursaftertheseedcoatissoftenedbymoisture.

• Plantgrowsandflowersareformed.

• Flowerdropspetalsandovarydevelopsintoa_________________-aripenedovary.

o Fruitsprotectthematuringseedsandhelpwith___________________________.

DISPERSAL

• 2TypesofDispersal

o _______________________-fruitsburstingandreleasingseeds.

o _______________________-dispersalthroughasecondary“agent”-animals,birds,

wind,water,etc.

GERMINATION

• RequirementsforGermination

o ___________________________________________________________

o ___________________________________________________________

o ___________________________________________________________

**Seedswillremaindormantiftheseconditionsarenotmet.

• Seedbeginstoswellbyabsorbing_________________.

• Embryopushestheradiclethroughthesoftenedseedcoatandintotheground.

• Plumuleemergesabovethesurfaceofthegroundandtheradiclegrowsintoa

___________________________________.

• Whentheplantnolongerdependsonthecotyledonsfornutrients,itisa

_____________________andgerminationhasended.

PLANTLIFESPANS

• ______________________-areplantsthatcompletealifecycleinonegrowingseason.

• ______________________-completetheirlifecycleintwoyears.Inthefirstyear,they

germinateandgrowroots,shortstems,andsometimesleaves.Inthesecondyear,

theygrownewstemsandleaves,produceflowersandseeds,anddie.

o Mosthavea_____________________-alargecentralroot.

• _______________________-liveformorethantwoyears.

LESSON2.4:FLOWERSOFMEADOWANDGARDEN

CLASSESOFFLOWERS

• ___________________________-floweringplant-seedsdevelopinsidetheovaryofaflower.

• ___________________________-seedsarehousedinacone.

ANGIOSPERMFAMILIES

• ________________________________________-manysmallflowersgroupedtogetherinahead.

o Tubular________________________________formthe

head’scenter,andpetal-like

________________________________surroundthecenter.

o Ex:asters,sunflowers,daisies,black-eyed

susans,artichoke,lettuce

PEAFAMILY

• Membersofthisfamilyarealsocalled________________.

o Legumes-aseedpodthatsplitsalongtwo

sideswhentheseedsarefullydeveloped.

• Usuallyhave____________________________________________.

• Legumeshelprestore____________________inthesoil.

ROSEFAMILY

• Mostplantsintherosefamilyhave_____________________________,

_____________________________,andflowersinmultiplesof

_______________.

• Morethan3,000species,includingtheapple,cherry,peach,

apricot,blackberry,raspberry,andalmond.

BUTTERCUPFAMILY

• Usuallyhave5roundedpetalsthatform

____________________________blossoms.

• Characterizedbydryfruitsandleavesthat

divideinto_______sections.

MINTFAMILY

• Haveapleasant________________characterizedbyoilintheir

leavesandstems.

• Have________________,stoutstemswithlongflowerclusters

called____________________.

• Includespeppermint,spearmint,andherbssuchasbasil,

sage,andthyme.

HONEYSUCKLEFAMILY

• Fragrantwildflowersthathaveasweetsmelling

___________________and_________________________________

flowers.

• Leavesgrowin________________andin

__________________________________________________.

PARSLEYFAMILY

• Formclustersofsmallflowerscalled___________________.

o Umbel-anarrangementofflowerswithstemsofnearly

equallengthsemergingfromacommonpointonthe

mainstem.

• Examplesincludecelery,carrots,dillandhemlock.

MILKWEEDFAMILY

• Hasflowersarrangedin___________________.

• Eachflowerhas5_________________________________.Apetalhangs

downfromeachhorn.

• Producea_________________________________,fromwhichthey

derivetheirname.

LESSON2.5:MONOCOTFAMILIES

MONOCOTSANDDICOTS

• Monocots-____________________________________________

o Includegrass,lily,amaryllis,palmtrees,cattail,sedges,iris,andorchid

families.

• Dicots-____________________________________________________

o Includecomposite,pea,rose,buttercup,honeysuckle,parsley,milkweed,

laurel,pink,violet,begonia,mustard,cactus,dogwood,waterlily,geranium,

andmorninggloryfamilies.

LILYFAMILY

• Includesseverallilyvarieties,hyacinths,tulips,trilliums,aloeand

asparagus.

• Lilyfamilyflowersdonothaveseparatepetalsandsepals,buthavea

combinedstructurecalled___________________.

• Lilysgenerallygrowfroma________________-astructuremadeoflayersof

thick,fleshyleavessurroundingaveryshortstem.

o Bulbsstorefoodforthenextgrowingseason,allowingplantsto

liveaftertheirflowers,stemsandleaveshavedied.

AMARYLLISFAMILY

• Someamaryllisgrowfrom_________________-thickunderground

stemsthatgrowvertically,othersgrowfrom_____________________-

undergroundstemsthatgrowhorizontally.

• Amarylliscloselyresembleslilies.Theprimarydifference

betweenthetwoisthattheovaryofanamaryllisis_______________

to(attachedbelow)theotherflower

parts.

• Alsohave_________________.

• Includesdaffodil,chive,garlicandwild

onion.

GRASSFAMILY

• ______________-thegrassstem.Roundandhollowexceptatthe_______________-where

theleafattachestothestem.

• Grassesincludewheat,barley,rye,oats,cornandrice.

• Grassflowersgrowinthreeways:

o ___________________-smallflowerclustersgrowingalongamainsteminspikes

o ___________________-flowersgrowonsmallstemsthatbranchoffthemainstem.

o _______________________________________-multipleracemesattachedtoamainstem.

• Fertilizedgrassflowersproducegrassfruits-called____________________.

LESSON2.6:OBSERVINGLEAVES

TYPESOFLEAVES

• Threetypesofleaves:

o ____________________________________________________

o ____________________________________________________

o ____________________________________________________

LEAFSTRUCTURE

• ____________________-stalkwhereleafbladesattachto

thenode.

o _________________-leavesthathavenopetioles,

butattachdirectlytothestembyasheath.

LEAFARRANGEMENTS

• ____________________-twoleavesgrowfromonenodebutonoppositesidesofthestem.

• _______________________-individualleaves-oneforeachnode-thatgrowinan

alternatingpatternalongthestem.

• _______________________-threeormoreleavesgrowingfromthesamenodeonthestem.

• _______________________-clusterofleavesgrowingaroundthebaseofaplant.(situated

likepetalsonarose)

SIMPLEORCOMPOUNDLEAVES

• __________________________________________-haveonlyonebladeattachedtoapetiole.

• __________________________________________-hasmorethanonebladejoinedtoapetiole.

Bladesarecalled_______________________.

o _______________________________________________-leafletsattachatacommonpoint

onthepetiole’stip.

o _______________________________________________-leafletsattachatintervalsalong

thepetiole.

LEAFMARGINS

• Leafmargins,oredges,provideanotherwaytodistinguishbetweenspecies.

o ______________________-smoothandunbrokenedges.

o ______________________-teeth-likeedges.Maybesmallandsharp,orlargeand

blunt.

o _______________________-hasfinger-likeextensions.Maybebluntorpointed.

LESSON2.7:PHOTOSYNTHESISANDCELLULARRESPIRATION

PRODUCERSANDCONSUMERS

• _________________________-organismsthatmaketheirownfood,suchasplants.

• _________________________-organismsthateatplants,suchasanimalsandhumans.

• _________________________-theprocessbywhichplantsmanufacturefoodintheirleaves.

o Photosynthesisalsoreleases______________________intotheair.

THEPHOTOSYNTHETICEQUATION

THEROLEOFACHLOROPLAST

• Energyfromthesunisabsorbedbytinystructuresinsidethecellcalled

_________________________.

o Chloroplastscontain___________________________-thegreenpigmentfoundin

plantsthatisnecessaryforphotosynthesis.

• Chlorophyllabsorbslightenergy,whichtheplantusestoform___________(adenosine

triphosphate).

o TheenergyfromATPisusedtocombinehydrogenatomsandcarbondioxide

toformthesugar______________________,whichistheplant’sfood.

o Plantsconvertglucoseto______________-complexchainsofglucose,forstorage.

o Glucoseisalsousedtomake_______________________-whichformstheplant

_________________________________.

THEPROCESSOFPHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Watermovesupthestemtothe____________________.

• Chlorophyllabsorbs_____________________.

• Energyfromthesunsplitswaterinto_______________

and_____________________.

• Oxygenis______________________throughthestomata.

o _________________________-poresonthe

undersideofaleafthatfunctioningas

exchange.

• Carbondioxide__________________throughstomata.

• Hydrogeniscombinedwithcarbondioxideto

produce______________________.

CELLULARRESPIRATION

• CellularRespirationcombines____________________with__________________toproduce

__________________________________,alongwith_____________________________________________

and______________________.

o Unlikephotosynthesisthatonlyoccursin_________________,cellularrespiration

occursinall_________________________.

LESSON2.8:TRANSPORTSYSTEM

STEMS

• __________________-supportleavesandflowers,transportsubstances,andstorefood.

o Basedontheirstems,plantscanbeclassifiedas_________________or

____________________________(non-woody).

ROOTS

• ________________-anchorstheplantinthesoil,absorbswaterandmineralsandstores

food.

o ________________________-largecentralrootthatgrows

straightdown.(Foundinmostdicots)

o _____________________________________-containsmanysmaller

rootsthatgrowinalldirections.(Mostmonocots).

o Somerootsareinvolvedin

___________________________________________________________-

meaningtheydonotinvolveflowers,seeds,orfruits.

CELLULARRESPIRATIONEQUATION

• __________________________-alayeroftough,protectivecellslocatedatthetipoftheroot.

o Enablesnewcellsformingjustabovetherootcaptolengthenandpush

throughthesoilwithoutbeingdamaged.Thisrootlengtheningiscalled

_____________________________________________.

• _______________________-theinnerportionoftherootthatconsistsofstoragecells

surroundingtheroottransportsystem(xylemandphloem).

• _______________________-foundbetweentransporttubesinwoodydicots.Siteofcell

division.Allowforrootstogrowindiameter-calledsecondarygrowth.

• _______________________________-tinyhairsthatbranchoffoftherootsandandaidin

waterandnutrientabsorption.

OSMOSIS

• ______________________-movementofwaterfromanareaofhigherwaterconcentration

throughasemipermeablemembrane,toanareaoflowerwaterconcentration.

o A_________________________________________________________________________allowsonly

certainmoleculestopassthrough.

VASCULARSYSTEM

• Plantshave2typesofvasculartissue:

o ____________________-transportswaterfromrootstoleaves.

o ____________________-transportscarriessugarsfromthe

leavestothestemandrootstobestored.

WATERFLOWINPLANTS

• Waterrisesthroughthexylemasaresultofrootpressure.Thisprocessiscalled

capillaryaction.Waterleavestheplantinaprocesscalledtranspiration.

o ____________________________________________-theupwardforcethatresultsas

waterenterstherootsbyosmosis.

o ____________________________________________-theriseofwatermolecules,against

gravity,throughanarrowspace.

o __________________________-evaporationofwaterfromtheleavesofplants.

LESSON2.9:PLANTSWITHOUTFLOWERS

PLANTGROUPS

• ______________________________-plantswithvascularsystems.

o ____________________________________-reproduceusingseeds.

§ __________________________________-reproducebyseedsformedinflowers.

(include_______________________and______________________)

§ __________________________________-reproducebyseedsformedincones.

(include_______________________,________________________and

__________________________)

o ______________________________________-reproduceusingspores.

§ ____________________________________

§ ____________________________________

§ ____________________________________

• _______________________________-plantswithoutvascularsystems.Lacktrueroots,stems

andleaves.

o ______________________________

o ______________________________