chapter 2 risk management and assessment
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 2
RISK MANAGEMENT AND
ASSESSMENT
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SUBTOPIC
2.1 Introduction to Risk Management2.2 Risk Assessment Techniques
2.3 HIRARC
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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RISK MANAGEMENT
a) Integrate Risk Management as part of planning at all
levels of business.
b) Accept no unnecessary risks.
c) Make risk decision appropriately.
d) Accept risk when benefit overweigh costs.
e) Manage the risk.
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO RISK MANAGEMENT
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RISK ASSESSMENT
Why need to carry out risk assessment?
a) Logical and cost-effective management of
occupational safety and health (OSH)
b) Legal requirement
- OSHA 1994 (Part IV S.15 General duties of Employers andSelf Employed Person)
- OSH (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard) Regulation
1996
- OSH (Use and Standard Exposure of Chemical Hazardous toHealth) Regulation 2000
c) Management system standard requirement
- MS 1722:2003, OHSAS 18001, ISO 14001
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Before operation
During operation
After operation
When to Carry Out Risk Assessment
When to Review Risk Assessment
Internal changes before modification of plants,
changes in organization, introduction of new materials,
machinery, working procedure. External changes amendments of national law and
regulations, development of new knowledge.
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Person or persons trainedto identify hazard and risk assessment
In some cases legally competent person, example : Chemical HealthRisk Assessor
In typical organization, consultation with and involvement of the
safety and health committee, supervisors or workers and their
representatives.
Who Will Carry Out Risk Assessment
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Basic Components of Risk Management
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
Review Control Measure
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HAZARD ANALYSIS
Some of the technique used:
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
Job safety analysis (JSA) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
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Fault Tree Analysis
Focus on:
a) To analyze how and why accident could occur.
b) Graphic technique.c) To calculate probability of end event.
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Example - Fall from a Defective Ladder
a) Why was the defective ladder not found during normal inspection?
b) Why did the supervisor allow its use?
c) Didn't the injured employee know it should not be used?
d) Was the employee properly trained?
e) Was the employee reminded not to use the ladder?
f) Did the superior examine the job first?
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FTA analysis steps:
a) Select a component for analysis.
b) Identify critical failures or faults related to thecomponent.
c) Identify causes for each fault.
d) Work toward a root cause.
e) Identify countermeasures for each root cause.
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FAULT TREE ANALYSIS
KNOWS LADDER IS
DEFECTIVE BUT STILLDECIDES TO USE
DEFECTIVE LADDER
UNAWARE OF
CONSEQUENCES
DID NOT
RECOGNIZE
DEFECT
BELIEVES LADDER
IS STILL SAFE
FALL FROM LADDER
WORKER USEDDEFECTIVE LADDER
DIDN'T KNOW LADDER WAS
DEFECTIVE
PROCEDURES
MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
LADDER WAS NOT
INSPECTED
ORGANISATION
NO SUPERVISIONNO SEGREGATION
NO CHOICE
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Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
JSA is a tool used to improve job safety through:
a) Identifying the hazards or potential hazards associated
with each step of a job.b) Finding effective control measures to prevent or
eliminate exposure.
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Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
Develop by reliability engineer (1950s) to determineproblems that could arise from malfunction of militarysystems.
FMEA is a procedure by which each potential failure and
the kinds of failures that could happen, at the componentlevel in the systems are examined and analyzed todetermine its effect on the system.
The FMEA is used to assure that components failuremodes and their effects have been considered and either
eliminated or controlled; that information for maintenanceand operational manuals has been provided; and thatinput to other safety analysis has been generated.
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System
Scrubber
Component
Water pump
Failure Mode
Inadequate water
flow
Failure Effect
Increasedenvironmental
pollution
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Table
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a) To identify all the factors that may cause harm toemployees and others (the hazards);
b) To consider what the chances are of that harm actually
be falling anyone in the circumstances of a particularcase and the possible severity that could come from it(the risks)
c) To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitorpreventive measures to ensure that the risks areadequately controlled at all times.
2.3 HIRARC
Purpose of HIRARC
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Process of HIRARC
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HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Sources of Hazard
Man Unsafe acts
Machinery Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Materials Substances such as chemicals and
gases use in the workplace
Method The way people carry out their work
Media Workplace condition i.e. air quality,
ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc.
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HAZARD
Physhosocial
Ergonomics
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Mechanical Electrical
Classification of Hazard
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Work place inspections;
Task safety analysis or job hazard analysis;
Preliminary investigations;
Potential accident factors;
Failure analysis; Accident and incident investigations.
Hazard Identification Techniques
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RISK ASSESSMENT
Types of Risk Assessment
1. Qualitative Risk Assessment
2. Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
3. Quantitative Risk Assessment
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Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of aspecified hazardous event occurring. In mathematicalterm, risk can be calculated by the equation -
Risk = Likelihood x Severity
Analyze the Risk
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Very likely - could happen frequently
Likely - could happen occasionally
Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely
Highly unlikely - could happen, but probably never will
Determine likelihood
Likelihood
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Determine severity categories i.e.:
Fatality
Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or damage to health)
Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or damage to health
requiring days off work)
Negligible injuries (first aid)
Severity
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Determine severity categories
4: Fatality & Permanent Disability 3: More than 4 days MC
2: Less than or 4 days MC
1: First aid and near misses
Determine likelihood categories
4: Daily
3: Weekly
2: Yearly
1: Monthly
Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
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LIKELIHOOD
SEVER
ITY
Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
1 2 3 4
First Aid
and Near
Misses
1 1 2 3 4
Less than
or 4 days
MC
2 2 4 6 8
More than
4 days MC3 3 6 9 12
Fatality &
Permanent
Disability
4 4 8 12 16
Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
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Substitution
Modify process
Enclosure
Local exhaust
Fugitiveemission control
Isolation
Housekeeping
General
ventilation
Continuous area
monitoringDilution
ventilation
Automation or
remote control
Training and
education
Worker rotation
Enclosure of
workerPersonal
monitoring
Personal
protective devices
RISK CONTROL
Principle of Control
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Review measures regularly; modify if necessary
Comply with national laws and regulations
Reflect good management practice
Consider the current state of knowledge
Include information or reportsfrom organizations such
as:
DOSH, OSH services, and others.
Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control
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MOST EFFECTIVE
i. Elimination- Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process,machine or substance is perhaps the best way of protectingworkers.
FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
ii. Substitutionreplacing the hazard with one that presents lower
risk.iii. Isolationisolating or separating the hazard from the person, or
the person from the hazards.
iv. Engineering controlrequires thinking about ways work couldbe done differently to make the world safer such as rearrangingaspects of workplace, modifying equipment, combining tasks,
changing procedures to eliminate hazardous step.
LEAST EFFECTIVE
v. Administrative reduction of exposure to risk through use ofprocedures or instruction.
vi. PPEworn by people as final barrier themselves and hazard.
Hierarchy Of Control
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