Chapter 2 Section 1pp. 28-34

A. Ancient Greece

1. Direct Democracy a. Majority Rule b. All citizens

qualified to govern

2. Written Constitution

B. Rome 1. Democratic Principles a. Sovereignty b. Majority Rule c. Equality d. Written Constitution 2. Republic a. Elected

representatives 3. Cicero a. Orator, Lawyer, Writer b. Limits on Government c. Checks and Balances

C. Middle Ages

1. Natural Law - “Higher”

law that prevents government from exercising total

power and control over people.

A. Thomas Hobbes 1. “State of Nature”

a. Every person had the right to do as he pleased

b. Led to violence and chaosc. Life was “solitary, poor,

nasty, brutish, and short”

2. Social Contracta. Ruler with absolute

authorityb. Government supreme

over the people

B. John Locke 1. Natural Rights

a. Life, Liberty, Property b. Cannot be taken away

2. Social Contracta. People give

government certain powers

b. Government protects natural rights

c. People have right to change government

C. Baron de Montesquieu

1. Separation of Powersa. Legislative branch

makes lawsb. Executive branch

enforces lawsc. Judicial branch

interprets laws

A. Royal Colonies – 8 of 131. British Crown

directly ruled2. Royal governor and

council (upper house) appointed

3. Colonists elected assembly (lower house)

4. Governor had veto power

B. Proprietary Colonies1. Ruled by individuals

or groups who had been granted land by the crown

2. Generally free to rule as they wished

3. Appointed governors and members of upper house

4. People elected the lower house

C. Charter Colonies1. Established by groups

of settlers who had been given a grant of rights and privileges by the crown

2. Colonists elected own governors & legislature (both houses)

3. Governor could not veto acts of legislature

D. What Colonists Learned1. Power of executive

should be limited2. Controlling taxes and

funds were effective tools to attack governors. Should remain with legislators

3. Right to trial by jury, to post bail, and to face one’s accuser are “natural rights”