Chapter 2: Socialization

Perspectives on Socialization Agents of Child Socialization Processes of Socialization Outcomes of Socialization Adult Socialization

What is Socialization?

Process:Learning a cultureBecoming effective member

of societyBeing “human”

What do we learn?

SkillsKnowledgeValuesMotivesRoles

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9/4 Consequences of Socialization

1. Establishes self-concepts

2. Creates capacity for role taking

3. Creates tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways

4. Makes people bearers of culture

“Every man is in certain respects:

Like all other men- Like some other men-Like no other man.”

Clyde Kluckholm: Anthropologist

Perspectives on Socialization

The Developmental Perspective Dependent on Physical &

Psychological Development

Examples: “Potty Training” Walking Speaking Feeding self

The Social Learning Perspective

Cognitive & behavioral skills Language Shared meanings Imitation Acquiring behavior Performing behavior

9/6 Social Learning Perspective

Children see, children do http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_s9pG5CWXM&featu

re=related

Learning by observation: 4 processes Attention Retention Production Motivation

Social Learning Perspective Bobo doll experiment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHHdovKHDNU

Reciprocal determinism between:Cognitive abilitiesPerson’s behaviorEnvironment

“The world and people’s behavior cause each other.” Bandura

The Interpretive Perspective: Symbolic Interaction Theory

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52ATteMIXzI&feature=related

He’s Just Not that Into You

Cognitive Processes Thinking Reasoning

Social interaction

Societal meanings

Interpretive reproduction (routines)

Development of self

Sequence of roles

Age-linked roles

Predictable transition times

Certain persons or organizations

responsible

The Impact of Social Structure

Socialization as Social Control

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Components of Socialization

• Socialization has four necessary components:1. An agent – someone serves as source

for what is being learned2. A learning process3. A target – person being socialized4. An outcome - something that is being

learned

Agents of Childhood Socialization

Four of the Agents:

1. Family 2. Peers 3. School4. Mass media

Processes of Socialization

1) Instrumental Conditioning Big Bang Theory videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-63ysqT5nu0&feature=related

Shaping

Punishment

Extrinsically motivatedDepends on others

Shaping Punishment

Extrinsic Motivation

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Punishment

Definition: The presentation of painful or discomforting stimulus that decreases probability that a behavior will occur.

Widely used in the United States. Our culture is tolerant of or encourages its use.

Major child rearing practice used by parents.

Research—Punishment is effective in some circumstances but not in others.

Instrumental Conditioning

Intrinsically motivated

Self-reinforcement

Internalizing standards-judging

Self-efficacy

Intrinsic motivation Self-reinforcement

Internalizing Standards-judging Self-efficacy

Processes of Socialization 2) Observational Learning (Modeling)

Observe another person’s behavior & its consequences Efficient

Characteristics of the model High-StatusNurturing

Processes of Socialization

3) Internalization Externally imposed behavioral

standards Become internal

Self-control

Outcomes of Socialization

Gender Roles

Linguistic & Cognitive Competence

Moral Development Work Orientations

Adult Socialization

Role Acquisition

Anticipatory Socialization

Role Discontinuity