Chapter 2The Planting of English America

Bell Ringer What event signaled the beginning of the end for the Spanish empire in the New World? Explain.

1500-1733 1610; Spanish in Santa Fe

1608; French were at Quebec

1607; English were at Jamestown, Virginia

England’s Imperial Stirrings

England’s Imperial Stirrings… 1500s GB failed to effectively colonize due to internal conflicts

King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s Launches the English Protestant Reformation intensifies the rivalry with Catholic Spain

After Elizabeth I becomes Queen GB becomes protestant (CAUSE/ EFFECT)

Catholic Ireland seeks Spain’s help in revolting against England English crush the uprising brutally sneering attitude towards natives is developed

North America in 1600 largely unclaimed (Spanish had control of Central and South America)

Elizabeth Energizes England

Elizabeth Energizes England 1580 Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe pirated Spanish ships for gold (4600% profit) Knighted on his ship by Queen Elizabeth I This reward angers the Spanish Spanish seek revenge

England attempts colonizing failed miserably Sir Walter Raleigh 1585, North Carolina’s Roanoke Island (off the coast of Virginia)

mysteriously disappears “The Lost Colony.

Spanish seek revenge (Francis Drake) Spanish attempt to attack (English Channel) Spanish Armada GB fights back inflicts heavy damage Spanish lost “Beginning of the end”

Opens the door for GB to cross the Atlantic take over the lead in colonization and power

Victory also fuels England to new heights due to: 1. Strong government/ popular monarch, more religious unity, a sense of nationalism 2. Golden age of literature (Shakespeare), self-confidence, vibrant patriotism, and “boundless faith in the future of

the English nation”. 3. Beginning of GB dominance at sea (last for quite a bit until U.S tops them in 1900s)

GB and Spain finally sign a peace treaty in 1604.

England on the Eve of the Empire

Issues in England

1500s; GB population “mushrooming” = growing. 3 million people 1550 4 million people 1600

New policies adopted enclosures (fencing in land) for farming less to no land tenant farming

Woolen districts (eastern and western England) fall upon harsh economic times workers lost jobs

Primogeniture tradition 1st born inherits ALL father’s land younger sons of rich fold wouldn’t inherit money (Gilbert, Raleigh, and Drake) forced to try their luck in America

1600s; Joint-stock companies are perfected investors put $$ into a company with hopes for a good return forerunner of today’s corporations

England Plants the Jamestown Seeding

1606; Virginia Company receives charter for King James I to make a settlement in the New World.

Main attraction = promise of gold and the strong desire to come through America to the Indies. Virginia Co. intended to only endure for a few years stockholders invested hopes to form the company, turn a profit, and

then quickly sell for a profit

Charter of Virginia Co. guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen in GB

May 24, 1607; 100 English settlers disembarked from their ship and founded Jamestown. 40 colonists perished during the voyage Problems emerged: 1. swampy site of Jamestown = poor drinking water and mosquitoes causing malaria and yellow fever 2. Men wasted time looking for gold vs. doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting

crops) 3. ZERO women on the initial trip

1608; Captain John Smith took over control and whipped the colonists into shape “He shall not work, shall not eat” main contribution = discipline Kidnapped by local Indians (December 1607) forced into a “mock” execution by Chief Powhatan “saved” by

Pocahontas act meant to show that the Powhatan wanted peaceful relations with the colonists

Winter of 1609-1610; “Starving time” Colonists had to eat cats, dogs, rats, even other people “Powdered wife” for dinner?

1610; Lord De La Warr relief party alleviated suffering imposed a harsh military regime on the colony took military action against the natives

1625; out of an original overall total of 8000 would-be settlers, only 1200 had survived

Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake

Originally Powhatan considered new colonist potential allies colonists eventually raided Indian food supplies, villages and torched cornfields relations deteriorated war occurs.

The First Anglo-Powhatan War ends in 1614 marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe tobacco “tycoon”

1622; Indians struck again (pressed by the land hungry whites) with a series of attacks that left 347 settlers (including Rolfe) dead

The Second Anglo-Powhatan War began in 1644-1646 one last attempt to dislodge the Virginians any thought of assimilating the natives into Virginian society or living in peace is vanished fully separated (reservation system) banished Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral land

Settlers began to grow their own food Indians then were useless banished

Indians’ New World

Arrival of Europeans sets a series of vast changes for Native Americans Horses were brought by the Spaniards to transform Indian lifestyles (Columbian exchange) Especially Sioux who had

become experts at buffalo hunting while horseback Disease largest change to come to the New World Indians were biological pathogens to fight white diseases Tribes

were shattered; Catawba nation emerged in Carolina piedmont as leftovers of broken tribes from all along the east coast Longed for firearms obtained them violence increased VS whites and other Indians European arrival rocked the institutions of Indian life and sent their lives spinning

Virginia: Child of Tobacco

Jamestown’s gold is found tobacco Rolfe’s sweet tobacco was sought as a cash crop by Europe Jamestown had found it’s “gold” Creates a greed for land soil was heavily depleted and ruined the land House of Burgesses sets the tone for autonomy a committee to work out local issues self government / self rule King

James I didn’t trust the House and made Virginia a colony of England in 1624 First African Americans to arrive in America also came in 1619 unclear if slaves or indentured servants

Maryland: Catholic Haven

Religious Diversity Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore 2nd plantation colony and 4th colony to be formed Founded to be a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge Lord Baltimore also had his own ambitions Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives Poorer people who settled there were mostly Protestant

creates friction

Maryland prospered with tobacco Dependent heavily on indentured servants penniless Europeans who bound themselves for a number of years to pay

their passage to the New World Black slavery becomes popular in the later years of the 1600s (Maryland and Virginia)

Lord Baltimore permitted unusual freedom of worship at the outset Act of Toleration (1649); guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians decreed death penalty to those who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ After colonial era, Maryland sheltered more Roman Catholics than any other English speaking colony in the New World

The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

By mid 17-century, England secured its claim to several West Indian Islands As the British colonized Virginia, they also settled into the West Indies Spain’s declining power opened the door England’s claims also included Jamaica in 1655 grew lots of sugar on brutal plantations Sugar was to the West Indies/ Caribbean what Tobacco to the Chesapeake - one crucial difference Tobacco was a poor

man’s crop while sugar was a rich man’s crop Thousands of African slaves were needed to operate sugar plantation Initially Indians were intended to be used disease

killed an estimated 90% of all Native Americans Africans were brought in To control so many slaves, “codes” were set up that defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of their masters

Barbados Slave Code of 1661 denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and even allowed masters complete control over their laborers

Colonizing in the Carolinas

Civil War plagued England in the 1640s Charles I dismissed parliament in 1629 recalls in 1640 members had found their “champion” in Oliver Cromwell

Charles I is beheaded Cromwell had ruled England for 10 very strict years tired Englishmen restored Charles II to the throne in the

Restoration (after all the turmoil of the Civil War, GB just want back to a king) Bloody period had interrupted colonization Restoration Period empire building resumes (& with royal involvement) Carolina names after Charles II created in 1670 Charles II grants 8 of his Lord Proprietors in the New World Carolina flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies Port of Charleston Many original Carolina settlers had come from Barbados and brought in the strict slave codes for ruling slaves Interestingly enough, Indians as slaves in Carolina was protested but to no avail Indians were among the colony’s major

exports sent to the West Indies to work, as well as New England Rice emerges as the principle crop in Carolina African slaves hired to work on rice plantations due to their resistance to

malaria and just as importantly their familiarity with rice Despite violence with Spanish and Indians, Carolina proved to be too strong to be wiped out

Emergence of North Carolina

Many newcomers to Carolina were “squatters” people who owned no land usually down from Virginia

North Carolinians seen as religious dissenters repelled by the rarefied atmosphere of Virginia Church of England built a reputation for being irreligious and hospitable to pirates

Developed a strong resistance to authority geographic isolation from neighbors

Two “flavors” of Carolinians developed A. aristocratic and wealthier down south around Charleston and rice & indigo plantations B. Strong-willed and independent-minded up north on small tobacco farms

1722 North and South Carolina officially separated

1711 Tuscarora Indians attacked North Carolina Carolinians responded by crushing the opposition sold hundreds to slavery, the rest wandered north Sixth Nation of the Iroquois Confederation

Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony

Georgia was intended to be a buffer between the British colonies and the hostile Spanish settlements in Florida Spanish, Indians, runaway slaves Enemy in French Louisiana

Founded in 1733 by a high-minded group of philanthropists James Oglethorpe

Named of King George II also meant to be a site for a second chance from wretched souls in debt

Oglethorpe (the ablest of the founders) repelled Spanish attacks saved the “Charity Colony” by his energetic leadership and by using his own fortune to help with the colony

All Christians (except Catholics) enjoyed religious toleration many missionaries came to try to convert the Indians John Wesley Methodism

Georgia grew very slowly

Plantation Colonies

Slavery was found in all of the plantation colonies

Growth of cities often stunted by forests

Establishment of schools and churches was difficult due to people being spread out

South tobacco and rice and some indigo in the tidewater region of SC

All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration

Confrontations with Native Americans were often

Makers of America: The Iroquois

In what is now New York State: The Iroquois League/ Confederation was once a great power Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayuga and the Senecas Competed with neighboring Indians and later French, English and Dutch for supremacy Longhouse 25 ft wide, over 200 ft long occupied by blood related families on the mother’s side Mohawks middlemen for European traders Senecas fur suppliers 1600-1700s allied with British and French (whichever was more beneficial) American Revolution breaks out who to side with? most sided with British but not all Forced to reservations Handsome Lake warns his tribe’s people to mend their ways longhouse religion

Did Pocahontas save John Smith? Pg. 1

Pg. 2 Questions

Pg. 3

Pg. 4

Pg. 5