chapter 2: the research process. the research process chapter objectives –to define the scientific...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2:The Research Process
The Research Process
• Chapter Objectives– To define the scientific process, including the
positivist and qualitative approaches to inquiry– To review issues in research design, including
sampling, research methods, and designs for studying development
– To consider the ethical guidelines for conducting research with human participants
The Research Process
• The Scientific Process– The Positivist Approach to Research
• Seeks causal relationships among factors, with the goal of predicting outcomes
– The Qualitative Inquiry Approach to Research• Seeks to understand the meanings, motives, and
believes that underlie a person’s experiences
The Research Process
Figure 2.1 The Scientific Process
The Research Process
• The Positivist Approach to Research– A scientific observation should be
• Objective• Repeatable • Systematic
The Research Process
• The Qualitative Inquiry Approach to Research– Assumes that there are many versions of
truth, depending on the informant and the context
– The world is ripe for discovery– Theory emerges from the data, rather than
guiding the methodology and data collection– Emphasis is on interpretation
The Research Process
• Research Design: Sampling– Sampling - method of choosing participants
who will be included in the study– Population - the large group to which the
findings of the research are intended to apply– Generalizability - extent to which we can say
with confidence that the observations made for this sample would apply to others groups
The Research Process
• Methods Of Sampling– Random Samples - each person in a given
population has an equal chance– Stratified Sampling - deliberately selected
from a variety of levels (strata) or subgroups within the population
– Matched Groups - 2 or more groups who are similar on many dimensions
– Volunteer Sampling - participants are chosen from among those who volunteer
– The Qualitative Approach to Sampling - learn as much as possible
The Research Process
• Research Methods– Observation: taking note of events and trying
to make sense of them– Naturalistic Observation: research in which
behavior in a setting is carefully observed without any other kinds of manipulation
– Participant Observation: researcher actively engages in interactions with other members of a setting
– Correlation• Statistical analysis of strength and direction• Correlation coefficient
The Research Process
Figure 2.2 Patterns Reflecting Positive, Negative, and Zero Correlations
The Research Process
• Case Study – An in-depth description of a single person,
family, social group, or social setting• Interviews
– Surveys and Tests– Reliable: results are consistent– Valid: when they measure what they claim to
measure
The Research Process
• Experimentation– Independent Variable - predictors– Dependent Variable - outcome– Experimental Group - receives manipulation– Control Group - receives no treatment
The Research Process
• Designs for Studying Development– Retrospective Studies - report on experiences
from past– Cross-sectional Studies - compares different
groups of individuals– Longitudinal Studies - studies individuals
overtime– Cohort Sequential Studies - compares
different groups of individuals and tracks them over time
The Research Process
Figure 2.3 The Cohort Sequential Design
The Research Process
The Research Process
• Ethics in Research on Humans • Special Ethical Guidelines - principals of conduct• Integrity of Research Lies with the Investigator• Evaluating the Risks-Versus-Benefits Ratio • Protection from Harm • The Ethical Principle of Informed Consent • Debriefing