chapter 2 - using type creatively

7/30/2019 Chapter 2 - Using Type Creatively

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NGB[QJ_ ? 9 Z^MEF Q][J N_JBQMXJ@]

H b n z ` q } d h J a z n b q m d e ? ; 2 ?

J A ? ? ? 9 O b n g j ` d r d h J a z n b q m d e ' G d e ~ - B r q ( A j ~ m f e J a z n b q m d eK G b l N m { q b Z e m x j r ~ m q m Q j l e d ` d f m C b r b

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NDC[D^MQMDE

CJEFFZEBLBE CZLBQBM[

AJEFBE L_JBQMH

Z~mef q}{j nrjbqmxj`}


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?

Bq qgj jea dh qgm~ ngb{qjr, ~qzajeq~ ~gdz`a oj bo`j qd9

Jxb`zbqj gdv qd z~j q}{jhbnj~ nrjbqmxj`}

B{{`} xbrmdz~ qjngemzj~ dh q}{dfrb{g} qgbq mc{rdxj qgj brq dh nrjbqmxmq} me aj~mfemef

_jndfemyj qgj jhhjnq~ dh z~mef q}{dfrb{g} qjngemzj~ qgbq ojmef z~ja me aj~mfemef

Cbrl dzq qgj ~zmqbo`j q}{dfrb{g} qjngemzj~ qd oj z~ja me aj~mfemef

Doijnqmxj~

[bab blgmr obo mem, {j`bibr ~jgbrz~e}b ab{bq9

Cjem`bm obfbmcbeb cjeffzeblbe czlbqbm{ ~jnbrb lrjbqmh

Cjefb{`mlb~mlbe {j`obfbm qjleml qbm{dfrbhm }bef ab{bq cjemeflbqlbe ab}b lrjbqmxmqm

ab`bc rjlbbe

Cjefjeb`m lj~be {jeffzebbe qjleml qbm{dfrbhm }bef amfzeblbe {bab rjlbbe

Cjejeqzlbe lj~j~zbmbe qjleml qbm{dfrbhm }bef amfzeblbe {bab rjlbbe

Doijlqmh


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?%2% [JEFJEB@BE

Czlbqbm{ bab`bg j`jcje ldczemlb~m }bef

cjeblizolbe ab`bc rjlbojeqzl% [m`mgbe zeqzl ~bqz#~bqz

czlbqbm{ od`jg cjcobvb {jòbfbm cbleb ~j{jrqm

ljodadgbe, ~jrmz~, czrbc, lde~jrxbqmh bqbz{ze

ldeqjc{drbrm%

Qjrab{bq {jòbfbm nbrb zeqzl cjeffzeblbe

czlbqbm{ ~jnbrb lrjbqmh, qmabl gbmrbe`bg ljobe}blbe

{jrjlb {jr`z cjenbrm fb}b qjr~jeamrm b{bom`b ojljrib

ajefbe czlbqbm{% Ebcze ojfmqz, bab`bg {jeqmef zeqzl

{jrjlb cjcmlmrlbe lde~j{ qjr jomg abgz`z ~joj`zc

cjcz`blbe ljrib cjcbem{z`b~m czlbqbm{ ajefbe

lrjbqmh%

Lde~j{ abe majb am~job`ml ~bqz rjlbojeqzl `dfd

bqbz qbizl zqbcb 'gjba`mej- blbe cjejeqzlbe {m`mgbe

}bef lrjbqmh zeqzl {jrjlb%

[jrlbqbbe }bef ojrqz m~ bqbz ojrnjqbl cb~mg

cjc{ze}bm {jefbrzg zeqzl cjeffjrbllbe {jedeqde

abe cjc{jefbrzgm majb, {jeffzebbe qbm{ }bef

nbeffmg blbe cjefzbqlbe abe cjeij`b~lbe `bfm

{jefbrzg mqz%

?%2 MEQ_DAZNQMDE

Q}{j nbe oj b vdeajrhz` ndcczemnbqmxj j`jcjeq me

aj~mfe% Qgj ~mef`j ngdmnj dh b hdeq nbe ajedqj ~m``mej~~,

~jrmdz~ej~~, bea b ~qbma dzq`ddl, nde~jrxbqmxj dr

ndeqjc{drbr} bqqmqzaj~%

Qgjrj brj meezcjrbo`j vb}~ qd z~j q}{j nrjbqmxj`},

bea ed adzoq b` aj~mfejr~ cz~q hmea qgjmr dve{jr~deb` ~q}`j me nrjbqmef bea meqjr{rjqmef< q}{j% Ozq mq

m~ mc{drqbeq hdr aj~mfejr~ qd ojfme vmqg b ndenj{q

ojhdrj qgj} jcobrl de cbem{z`bqmef q}{j nrjbqmxj`}%

Qgj ndenj{q~ bea majb~ ojgmea qgj aj~mfe dh b `dfd

dr gjba`mej vm`` ajqjrcmej b nrjbqmxj q}{j hdr b

aj~mfejr%

Qgj vrmqqje dr {rmeqja vdra ~qm`` gb~ qrjcjeadz~

{dvjr qd cdxj {jd{`j bea meh`zjenj majb~, bea qgj

~d{gm~qmnbqja z~bfj dh q}{j vdzà jegbenj qgj

meh`zjenj bea {rdxmaj n`brmq}%

[jeffzebbe czlbqbm{ }bef lrjbqmh ~jrmefamb{`mlb~mlbe {bab ml`be njqbl

Nrjbqmxj q}{jhbnj z~bfj b`vb}~ b{{`mja qd{rmeq baxjrqm~jcjeq


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?%? LDEQ_B BEQB_B CZLBQBM[

Ndeqdg czabg ab`bc cjefgb~m`lbe ldeqrb beqbrb

czlbqbm{ mb`bg ajefbe cjcm`mg fb}b }bef ojrojyb mbmqz

beqbrb xjr~m Mqb`mnajefbe fb}b xjr~m _dcbe obfm ~bqz

czlbqbm{ ^jrmh}bef ~bcb%

Mbe}b ~j{jrqm }bef beab `mgbq {bab czlb~zrbq mem,

qjl~ Obgb~b Cb`b}~mb abe Obgb~b Meffjrm~ amldeqrblbe

ajefbe cjeffzeblbe fb}b _dcbe abe Mqb`mn%

^j`bme abrm nbrb }bef ame}bqblbe qbam, ldeqrb beqbrb

czlbqbm{ od`jg amgb~m lbe ab`bc {j`obfbm lbjabg

beqbrbe}b ~j{jrqm ldeqrb {bab ~qrzlqzr mbmqz beqbrb

czlbqbm{ ^be~ ^jrmhajefbe ^jrmhbqbz beqbrb czlbqbm{

}bef am`jobrlbe ajefbe }bef am{babqlbe abe czeflme

izfb ldeqrb abrm ~jfm ojrbq abe ~bmy czlbqbm{ mqz,

ojrfbeqzef lj{bab lj{jr`zbe abe lrjbqmxmqm {jrjlb%

?%? Q][J NDEQ_B^Q

Ndeqrb~qmef hbnj~ nbe oj b~ ~mc{`j b~ ndeqrb~qmef

qgj ~q}`j dh be mqb`mn xjr~mde dh b ~jrmh hbnj vmqg qgj

_dcbe xjr~mde dh qgj ~bcj hbnj%

Qgj jwbc{`j de qgm~ {bfj m~ b ~qza} dh ndeqrb~q,

vgjrj _dcbe bea mqb`mn brj z~ja rj~{jnqmxj`} hdr

Cb`b} bea Jef`m~g ~jeqjenj~%

Dqgjr qgbe qgj cjqgda~ jw{`bmeja, ndeqrb~q

ojqvjje q}{jhbnj nbe oj {rdaznja me xbrmdz~ vb} ~zng

b~ ndeqrb~q de ~qrznqzrj qgbq m~ ojqvjje ^be~ ^jrmh bea

^jrmh dr ojqvjje vmajeja q}{jhbnj bea ndc{rj~~ja

q}{jhbnj bea cb}oj ndeqrb~q me vjmfgq bea q}{jhbnj

~myj, bnndramef qd b aj~mfejr~ ejnj~~mq} bea nrjbqmxmq}%

Ibazb` cjezeizllbe {jrojybbefb}b {bab czlbqbm{%

Qgj ~ngjaz`j ~gdv~ qgj amhhjrjeq

~q}`j~ dh b q}{jhbnj%


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Ldeqrb beqbrb czlbqbm{ bab`bg lbjabg }bef ~befbq jhjlqmh ab`bc cjeffzeblbe czlbqbm{ ~jnbrb

lrjbqmh% Mem bab`bg ljrbeb b{bom`b beab cj`jqbllbe azb czlbqbm{ }bef cjc{ze}bm {jrojybbe rbamlb`, mbblbe ojrz{b}b cjedeid`lbe {jrojybbe czlbqbm{ mqz, {jebc{m`be}b abe izfb lj~bee}b qjrgbab{

{jcobnb% ^j`b`ze}b ldeqrb {bab czlbqbm{ amfzeblbe zeqzl cjezeizllbe azb obgbfmbe m~z }bef

ojrojyb%

[jeffzebbe ldeqrb {bab czlbqbm{ ab{bq cjebcobg j`jcje }bef qmabl amazfb {bab gb~m` ljrib,

~j`bme ab{bq cjefgb~m`lbe rjeqbl 'rg}qgc- qbm{dfrbhm }bef cjebrml% Qbe{b ldeqrb, rjlbbe czeflme blbe

ibam ~zrbc, qmabl ojrcb}b abe czabg amibeflb%

Ndeqrb~qmef q}{j m~ be jhhjnqmxj vb} qd z~j q}{j nrjbqmxj`}% Qgm~ m~ ojnbz~j, vgje }dz {`bnj qvd

rbamnb``} amhhjrjeq hdeq~ ejwq qd jbng dqgjr, }dz nb`` bqqjeqmde qd qgj megjrjeq amhhjrjenj~ me qgj q}{jhbnj,

qgjmr b{{jbrbenj~, bea qgjmr mc{bnq de qgj xmjvjr% Mq m~ dhqje qd z~j ndeqrb~qmef q}{j qd ~gdv qvd

amhhjrjeq ~maj~ dh be m~~zj%

Qgj z~j dh ndeqrb~qmef q}{jhbnj~ baa~ be zejw{jnqja j`jcjeq qd qgj vdrl b~ vj`` b~ ~jq~ z{ b xjr}

meqjrj~qmef q}{dfrb{gmn rg}qgc% Vmqgdzq ndeqrb~q, qgj aj~mfe cmfgq oj {b`j, cdedqdej, bea {rjamnqbo`j%

Ldeqrb beqbrb czlbqbm{ od`aabe rjfz`br%

Ldeqrb beqbrb rzbef gzrzh

Ndeqrb~q me ~myj

Ldeqrb beqbrb ijem~ czlqbm{

Ndeqrb~q ojqvjje od`a bea rjfz`br q}{jhbnj~%

Ndeqrb~q ojqvjje `jqqjr ~{bnmef%

Ldeqrb beqbrb ~bmy }bef ojrojyb

Ndeqrb~q ojqvjje amhhjrjeq q}{jhbnj~


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?%> OJ_BQ CZLBQBM[ ]BEF OJ_OJYB

Ojrbq {bab czlbqbm{ ab{bq amljqbgzm ajefbe

cjem`bm em{m~ qjob` ~qrdlje}b%

Cjeffzeblbe czlbqbm{ }bef cjc{ze}bm ~qrdlj

em{m~ blbe cjcojrmlbe {jrb~bbe qjrozlb, rmefbe ~jrqb

cjejebeflbe {jcobnb b{bom`b cj`mgbq czlb~zrbq mqz%

Imlb {jrjeffbe ~jqjrz~e}b lmqb fzeblbe czlbqbm{

qjob`, ldeqrbe}b blbe ljqbrb ~jblbe azb drbef ~jabef

ojrnblb{ beqbrb ~bqz ~bcb `bme%

Ojrbq {bab czlbqbm{ ab{bq amfzeblbe zeqzlcjedeid`lbe mehdrcb~m bqbz m~z {jeqmef }bef qjrqjeqz%

Vb`bz{ze beab czeflme qmabl cjeffzeblbe

lj{jòbfbmbe ojrbq mem {bab czlbqbm{ qjl~, ebcze mb

bcbq jhjlqmh {bab qbizl zqbcb, {b{be qbeab abe izfb

`dfd%

?%> XB_] VJMFGQ DH Q][JHBNJ

Vjmfgq de q}{jhbnj~ nbe oj ajqjrcmeja o} ~qza}mef

qgj ajfrjj dh qgj ~qrznqzrj qgmnlej~~%

Z~mef xjr} qgme ~qrdlj de qgj q}{jhbnj fmxj~ be

d{je, `mfgq, bmr} hjj` qd qgj {bfj% Mh ejwq {brbfrb{g m~

~jq me b odà q}{jhbnj, qgj ndeqrb~q vm`` oj jwqrjcj< b

qjwq vdzà b{{jbr b~ qgdzfg qvd amhhjrjeq {jd{`j brj

qb`lmef qd dej bedqgjr%

Qgj vjmfgq nbe oj z~j qd nb`` bqqjeqmde qd ~dcj

mehdrcbqmde dr mc{drqbeq m~~zj~% B`qgdzfg }dz vm`

rbrj`} xbr} qgj vjmfgq dh hdeq~ me qjwq q}{j, mq nbe oj

z~ja jhhjnqmxj`} me gjba`mej~, ~mfebfj bea `dfd%

@dfd mem cjeffzeblbe czlbqbm{ }bef ldeqrb%Czlbqbm{ ^jrmh _dcbe amfzeblbe {bab{jrlbqbbe CMW abe czlbqbm{ ^jrmh Mqb`mnamfzeblbe {bab qjl~ ^dz{ ( ^b`ba Obrbab`bg {jrojyb abrm ~jfm ~qrzlqzr abe izfbojrbqe}b abrm {jrlbqbbe Cbqng }befcjeffzeblbe czlbqbm{ Odà ^jrmh% Vb`bz{zemb ojr`bmebe, lj~jczb czlbqbm{ mem lj`mgbqbegbrcdem ojr~bcb%

Qgm~ `dfd z~j~ ndeqrb~qmef hdeq~% Qgj ~jrmh

rdcbe hdeq me CMW, bea qgj ~jrmh mqb`mn hdeqme ^dz{ ( ^b`ba Obr amhhjr me ~qrznqzrj beavjmfgq hrdc qgj vdra Cbqng vgmng m~ odà

~be~ ~jrmh hdeq% B`qgdzfg xjr} amhhjrjeq, qgj~jhdeq~ vdrl~ qdfjqgjr me gbrcde}


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?%1 CZLBQBM[ _JXJ_^B@

Czlbqbm{ rjxj~b` bab`bg cjrz{blbe czlbqbm{

}bef amnjqbl {zqmg am bqb~ `bqbroj`blbef gmqbc bqbz

ojrvbreb% Om`b lmqb cjenjqbl am bqb~ `bqbroj`blbef

}bef gmqbc, lmqb {bqzq cjeffzeblbe czlbqbm{ qjob`

ljrbeb cbeb#cbeb czlbqbm{ }bef em{m~ blbe

cjemcoz`lbe cb~b`bg {jrnjqblbe%

Bab`bg `jomg obml zeqzl lmqb qjrob`mllbe 'rjxjr~j-

~bqz czlbqbm{ qjob`, ~j{jrqm ^be~ ^jrmh, abe ozlbee}b

czlbqbm{ ^jrmh, }bef cjc{ze}bm lbabr qjob` abe em{m~

{bab czlbqbm{e}b% Mem bab`bg ljrbeb om`b amqjrob`mlbe,

lbvb~be em{m~ blbe czabg amcb~zlm ablvbq%

Bab`bg qmabl amfb`bllbe zeqzl qjrob`mlbe 'rjxjr~j-

czlbqbm{ ijem~ ~nrm{qbqbz czlbqbm{ }bef ljnm` lzrbef

abrm 8{dmeqljrbeb ~qrdlje}b }bef ~befbq em{m~%

?%1 _JXJ_^B@ Q][J

_jxjr~b` q}{j~ brj q}{jhbnj~ qgbq brj {rmeqja vgmqj

de b o`bnl dr nd`dzrja obnlfrdzea% Vgje vj {rmeq de

b o`bnl obnlfrdzea, }dz ~gdzà z~j bq `jb~q b oddl#

vjmfgq q}{jhbnj ojnbz~j be}qgmef qgmeejr vdzà

jegbenj {rdo`jc~ me {rmeqmef%

Mq m~ z~zb``} {rjhjrbo`j qd rjxjr~j b qgmnl#vjmfgq

hdeq, ~zng b~ ^be~ ^jrmh, rbqgjr qgbe b ~jrmh hdeq, vgmng

gb~ b njrqbme ajfrjj dh qgmnlej~~ me mq~ ~qrdlj~% Qgm~ m~

ojnbz~j vgje }dz rjxjr~j, qgj qgme brjb~ nbe oj jb~m`}

hm``ja me vmqg mel%

Mq m~ b`~d edq baxm~bo`j qd rjxjr~j ~nrm{q dr qme}

q}{j zeajr 8 {dmeq~ azj qd qgj qgmeej~q ~qrdlj~%

Czlbqbm{ ~be~ ~jrmh bab`bg {m`mgbe }bef obmlzeqzl rjxjr~b`%

^be~ ~jrmh q}{jhbnj m~ b fdda d{qmde hdrrjxjr~ja q}{j%

@mgbq obfbmcbeb ~zlbre}b zeqzl cjcobnbczlbqbm{ ijem~ ~nrm{qb{bom`b mb ab`bc ljbabberjxjr~j% Ojrobeamef czlbqbm{ qjob`

@ddl bq gdv gbra mq m~ qd rjba qgj q}{j hrdc

~nrm{q vgje mq m~ me qgj rjxjr~j% Ndc{brj qdodà q}{jhbnj~%


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?%: @JBAMEF ]BEF OJ_OJYB _G]QGC

@jbamef bab`bg ibrbl beqbrb obrm~% Mb od`jg

cjenm{qb ~bqz rjeqbl }bef lde~m~qje {bab czlb~zrbq%

Zeqzl cjeab{bqlbe ~bqz lj~be }bef cjebrml lmqb

od`jg cjczqbrlbe qbm{ ~jobe}bl =; abribg {bab

czlb~zrbq bqbz cjc{j`obfbmlbe ljazazlbe obrm~ b}bq

}bef ojrlbmqbe lj{bab ~zazq }bef ojrojyb#ojyb%

Cjcojyblbe `jbamef zeqzl ~bqz {m`mgbe czlbqbm{

qjl~ cbc{z cjvzizalbe rjeqbl xm~zb` {bab czlb~zrbq

b{bom`b obrm~#obrm~ qjl~ cjefgb~m lbe lbvb~be {zqmg

ambeqbrb cjrjlb%

Lmqb qmabl {jr`z cjcojyblbe `jbamefab`bc ~jczb

ljqjqb{be qjl~, qb{m obfm {j`beffbe }bef gjeabllbe

{jrgbqmbe, cblb mb ~bqz {jeajlbqbe }bef obfz~%

?%: XB_] @JBAMEF _G]QGC

@jbamef m~ ~{bnj ojqvjje `mej~ dh qjwq% Mq nbe

nrjbqj b xjr} nde~m~qjeq rg}qgc de qgj {bfj%

]dz nbe qzre q}{j =; ajfrjj~ de qgj {bfj hdr

meqjrj~qmef jhhjnq, dr meqjrvjbxj qgj `mej~ dh q}{j hrdc

xbrmdz~ bef`j~%

Xbr}mef qgj `jbamef dh b ~j`jnqmde dh qjwq nd{} ~jq~

z{ b xm~zb` rg}qgc de qgj {bfj b~ `mej~ {rdaznj~ vgmqj

brjb~ ojqvjje qgjc%

Xbr}mef `jbamef m~ edq b{{rd{rmbqj me b`` ~jqqmef

dh qjwq, ozq hdr n`mjeq~ vgd ~jjl bqqjeqmde, qgje mq cmfgq

oj be meqjrj~qmef b{{rdbng%

Ab`bc ndeqdg mem, `jqbllbe czlbqbm{ {bab~zazq#~zazq qjrqjeqz cjcojrmlbe mc{rj~m

ijrmqbe%

Me qgm~ jwbc{`j, qgj q}{jhbnj~ brj {`bnja bqb ~`beqmef bef`j qgbq fmxj~ be mc{rj~~mde dh

b ~nrjbc%

Me qgm~ jwbc{`j, qgj q}{j b{{jbr~ qd oj

izco`ja bea hb``mef meqd qgj rmfgq#gbeandrejr%

Ab`bc ndeqdg mem, czlbqbm{ am{b{brlbe~jnbrb qmabl qjrbqzr abe ibqzg {bab obgbfmbelbebe czlb~zrbq


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@jbamef}bef ojrojyb od`jg cjebc{bllbe lj~be

~bqz fjc{b ozcm bqbz `jqz{be odc, bqbz cjvblm`m ~bqz

qzrzqbe cb~b, `b`zbe }bef qmabl cjcobvb lj cbeb#

cbeb brbg, oze}m lzbq abrm {jcoj~br ~zbrb, bqbz

czlbqbm{ }bef ~jblbe#blbe ibqzg abrm ~bqz rzcbg bqbz

obefzebe%

^j`bme abrm cjeffzeblbe `jbamef ojrojyb, lmqb

izfb od`jg cjcojyblbe ljazazlbe obrm~ {bab

czlb~zrbq% Lmqb od`jg izfb cjefbozeflbe? ld`zc qjl~

}bef qj`bg amqjqb{lbe ab`bc ojrbq }bef ojrojyb

ajefbe ibrbl `jbamef }bef ljqbrb zeqzl lj~be }bef

cjebrml% Mb ~j`b`z amfzeblbe zeqzl cjejrbeflbe ?{beabefbe }bef ojrojyb ~j{jrqm ~jabef ojrldczemlb~m

bqbz ojramb`df%

Amhhjrmef `jbamef nbe oj z~ja qd rjh`jnq qgj jhhjnq

dh be jbrqgzblj dr be jw{`d~mde, dr qd rj{rj~jeq qgj

{b~~bfj dh qmcj, ~qj{~ `jbamef ~dcjvgjrj, qgj `dza

~dzea ndcmef hrdc ~{jbljr~, dr qgj q}{j qgbq ~jjc~ qd

oj ard{{mef hrdc b gdz~j dr b ozm`amef%

B`def vmqg z~mef amhhjrmef qgj `jbamef, }dz nbe

dnnb~mdeb``} xbr} qgj {`bnjcjeq dh `mej~ de qgj {bfj%

]dz nbe ~dcjqmcj~ meqjr`bnj qvd nd`zce~ dh qjwq q}{j

qgbq brj ~jq me amhhjrjeq vjmfgq vmqg b vmaj `jbamef hdr

be meqjrj~qmef jhhjnq% Qgm~ m~ dhqje z~ja qd rj{rj~jeq

ndeqrbamnqmef {dmeq~ dh xmjv iz~q `mlj ? {jd{`j

ndcczemnbqmef gbxmef b ndexjr~bqmdeBodxj m~ be jwbc{`j dh meqjr`bnja nd zce~ dh q}{j%Qgm~ m~ cd~q rjbabo`j vgje qgj hdeq~ brj am~qmenq`}

amhhjrjeq hrdc jbng dqgjr, bea qgjrj m~ {`jeq} dh`jbamef qd gj`{ qgj rjbajr edq fjq ndehz~ja ojqvjje`mej~%

Amobvbg bab`bg ndeqdg ld`zc qbm{ }befcjc{ze}bm lj~mebcozefbe% Mbe}b od`jg amobnbajefbe czabg b{bom`b czlbqbm{ ij`b~ ojrojybbeqbrb ~bqz ~bcb `bme, abe qjrab{bq `jbamef}befljqbrb ~z{b}b {jcobnb qmabl lj`mrz ambeqbrb obrm~

qjl~ qjr~jozq%


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2;

?%8 [J_OJYBBE @JBAMEF _ZBEF [ZQMG

B{bom`b lmqb cj`jqbllbe ~bqz obrm~be gzrzh {bab

czlb~zrbq, obrm~be mqz am`mgbq cjc{ze}bm {jrgzozefbe

ajefbe 1 ~jc{babe czlb~zrbq qjr~jozq% Bablbg

obrm~be qjl~ mqz qjrfbeqzef cjrjeqbefm obgbfmbe bqb~

czlb~zrbq, cjezrze lj qj{m, azazl amqjefbg

czlb~zrbq, bqbz ~jblbe cjcj`zl ~bqz ~zazq4 Bablbg

obrm~be mqz zeazr, lj`zbr abrm obr, azazl ~jnbrb

ambfdeb`, bqbz ibqzg lj obvbg czlb~zrbq4

^jqj`bg ljazazlbe obrm~be {jrqbcb mqz lmqb

qjqb{lbe, obrm~be }bef `bme gbrz~ am jqbllbecjefmlzqe}b% _zbef {zqmg {bab rjlb`jqbl od`jg

amfzeblbe zeqzl cjebrml {jrgbqmbe obfm qbizl zqbcb

}bef ~befbq ljnm`, qjrzqbcbe}b rjlb`jqbl }bef lmqb `mgbq

mqz ~j{jrqm ~j~bl% Lbabeflb`b, ab`bc czlb~zrbq }bef

~j~bl, rzbef {zqmg {jr z amojrmlbe `jomg {jrgbqmbe

ojrobeamef qbizl zqbcb }bef cjeffzeblbe czlbqbm{

qjob` abe ojr~bmy oj~br%

?%8 AMHHJ_JEQ @JBAMEF VGMQJ ^[BNJ

Vgjejxjr }dz {`bnj b `mej dh q}{j de qgj {bfj, mq m~

`mej m~ ~jje me rj`bqmde qd qgj hdzr jafj~ dh qgj {bfj%

Adj~ qgj `mej dh q}{j gbef bnrd~~ qgj qd{ dh qgj {bfj,

rze adve qgj ~maj, ~mq ndeqjeqja`} me qgj cmaa`j dh qgj

{bfj, dr gzf b ndrejr4 Adj~ qgj `mej rjxjr~j dzq dh bobr< ~mq de ambfdeb`, de hb`` qd qgj odqqdc dh qgj {bfj4

Denj qgj {`bnjcjeq dh qgj hmr~q `mej m~ ajqjrcmeja,

qgj dqgjr `mej cz~q oj {`bnja bnndramef`}% Vgmqj ~{bnj

me qgj `b}dzq nbe oj z~ja arbcbqmnb``} qd nb`` bqqjeqmde

qd be jwqrjcj`} ~cb`` gjba`mej, {brqmnz`br`} vgje qgj

jexmrdecjeq qgbq m~ ~jje m~ nrdvaja% ^dcjqmcj~, de b

nrdvaja {bfj, vgmqj ~{bnj ejja~ hdr cdrj bqqjeqmde

qgbe b`` dh qgj h`b~g}, od`a gjba`mej~%

@jbamef}bef ojrojyb {bab obrm~ qjl~ }befqjrqjeqz ab{bq cjcojrm `jomg {jrgbqmbelj{bab {jcobnb%

Xbrmja `jbamef de njrqbme `mej dh qjwq, nbefmxj cdrj bqqjeqmde qd rjbajr~


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?%6 CJEFFBEQMLBE GZ_ZH AJEFBE MCJI

Lmqb od`jg cjeffzeblbe mcji zeqzl cjeffbeqmlbe

~bqz gzrzh ab`bc ~bqz qbizl zqbcb 'gjba`mej- bqbz `dfd%

Qjleml Mem bcbq ojrlj~be ljrbeb mb

cjeffbozeflbe qbm{ abe mcji ab`bc ~bqz j`jcje,

ebcze mb qmabl cjeibeimlbe ljod`jgobnbbe {bab

~j~jqjefbg rjlbbe%

Ab`bc cjcb~qmlbe fbozefbe mcji lj ab`bc

rjlbojeqzl ojrib}b, lmqb gbrz~ cjcb~qmlbe mcji abe

gzrzh bab {jr~bcbbe ojeqzl% Ndeqdge}b, gzrzh D

od`jg amfbeqmlbe ajefbe azmq ~} mef% Ljczambe

{b~qmlbe ~bmy mcji qjr~jozq ~j`brb~ ajefbe ~lb`b

czlbqbm{ `bme ab`bc {jrlbqbbe mqz%

?%6 _J[@BNMEF @JQQJ_ VMQG MCBFJ^

]dz nbe z~j be mcbfj qd rj{`bnj dej `jqqjr dh b

gjba`mej dr `dfd%

Qgm~ qjngemzj nbe oj jhhjnqmxj ojnbz~j mq

ndcomej~ q}{j bea mcbfj meqd dej j`jcjeq, ozq }dz

~gdz`a edq ndc{rdcm~j rjbabom`mq} me njrqbme aj~mfe%

Me drajr qd oj ~znnj~~hz` me qrbe~{d~mef be mcbfj

meqd aj~mfe, }dz ~gdz`a hmr~q b~njrqbme qgbq qgj mcbfj

bea qgj `jqqjr brj rdzfg`} me qgj ~bcj ~gb{j% Hdr

jwbc{`j, z~mef b ndme qd rj{`bnj be D me b vdra%

Qgje cblj ~zrj qgj ~myj dh qgj mcbfj m~ rj`bqja qd ~nb`jdh qgj q}{j me qgj vdra%

Qgj `dfd bodxj z~j~ qgj brc dh qgj @mojrq}~qbqzj qd rj{ bnj qgj M me qgj vdra

@MOJ_Q]% _j{`bnmef dej jqqjr dh b vdravmqg b xm~zb` nbe oj jhhjnqmxj me q}{dfrb{gmnaj~mfe hdr `dfd~, gjba`mej~, bea ba~ me

jamqdrmb` b}dzq~

@dfd amobvbg cjeffzeblbe qbefbe qzfz @mojrq}obfm cjeffbeqmlbe gzrzh M ab`bc {jrlbqbbe@MOJ_Q]% Cjeffbeqmlbe ~bqz gzrzh ab`bc{jrlbqbbe ajefbe mcji xm~zb` ~befbq jhjlqmh ab`bcrjlbbe q}{dfrbhm zeqzl `dfd, qbizl zqbcb, abe izfbml`be ab`bc rjlb`jqbl jamqdrmb`%


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?%7 CJEFFZEBLBE _Z@J^, AMEFOBQ^ ABE

AM_JNQMDEB@

_z`j~ bab`bg fbrm~be }bef cjefbqzr, cjcm~bglbe

abe cje~qrzlqzrlbe qbm{ ab`bc czlb~zrbq%

Amrjnqmdeb`bab`bg qbeab }bef cjezeizl, fbrm~be,

bebl {bebg bqbz oz``jq}bef cjcobvb cbqb {jcobnb

lj ~bqz brbg ab`bc czlb~zrbq%

Bebl {bebg abe amrjnqmdeb` od`jg lmqb fzeblbe

{bab odrbef, {bab qbizl zqbcb b{bom`b {jr z, bqbz

~jobfbm {jcm~bg {jrjeffbe% Mb od`jg cjefbrbglbe

cbqb {jcobnb abrm ~bqz {jrjeffbe lj {jrjeffbe }bef

~jqjrz~e}b ab`bc rjlb`jqbl }bef ldc{`jl~%

Amefobq~ mb`bg mcji ajldrbqmh }bef amrjlb d`jg

{jrjlb qbm{ zeqzl cjcojrm {jejlbebe qjrgbab{

rjlb`jqbl czlb~zrbq {bab qbizl ozlz, zeqzl

cjcm~bglbe qbm{ ab`bc czlb~zrbq, bqbz zeqzl

cjebcobglbe em`bm j~qjqmlb {bab rjlbojeqzl%

?%7 Z^MEF _Z@J^, AMEFOBQ^ BEA AM_JNQMDEB@

_z`j~ brj `mej~ qgbq drfbemyj, ~j{brbqj bea

~qrznqzrj qgj q}{j de qgj {bfj%

Amrjnqmdeb` brj {dmeqmef gbea~, `mej~, brrdv~ dr

oz``jq~ qgbq amrjnq qgj xmjvjr~ j}j me njrqbme vb} de

qgj {bfj%

Brrdv~ bea amrjnqmdeb` nbe oj z~ja de hdrc, me

gjba`mej~ bnndramef`}, dr b~ {brbfrb{g orjbl~% Qgj}

nbe amrjnq qgj rjbajr hrdc dej {brbfrb{g qd bedqgjr me

b ndc{`jw `b}dzq%

Amefobq~ brj ajndrbqmxj mcbfj~ nrjbqja o} q}{j

aj~mfejr qd jegbenj qgj `b}dzq dh qgj qmq`j {bfj dh b

oddl, qd ~j{brbqj q}{j de qgj {bfj, dr qd baa b ~je~j dh

bj~qgjqmn qd b aj~mfe%

_z`j~ nbe drfbemyj j`jcjeq~ de b {bfj dr

~zoamxmaj zerj`bqja brjb~ dh qjwq

_z`j~ od`jg cje}z~ze j`jcje {bab czlb~zrbqbqbz cjcobgbfm lbvb~be qjl~ }bef qmablojrljebbe

Ngdd~j amefobq~ bea amrjnqmdeb` qgbq brj

b{{rd{rmbqj hdr qgj cj~~bfj bea bzamjenjvgje amrjnqmef qgj rjbajr~

[m`mg amefobq~ abe amrjnqmdeb`}bef ~j~zbm zeqzlcj~ji abe izfb bzamje b{bom`b cjcbeaz brbg{jcobnb


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Amefobq~ cjc{ze}bm ~jibrbg qrbam~m }bef `bcb

ab`bc rjlbojeqzl qbm{, abe {jeffzebbe }bef gb`z~cjcjr zlbe {jrgbqmbe }bef `jomg% Mbe}b qjramrm abrm

~mcod`#~mcod` ljnm` ~j{jrqm, abze, blbr, lj{mefbe ~b`im,

{je~j`, omeflbm, ~jc{babe, ojr`mbe abe `bme#`bme%

Qjrab{bq lzc{z`be czlbqbm{ }bef lj~j`zrzgbe

qbm{e}b qjramrm abrm amefobq~, abe mb od`jg amgb~m lbe

ajefbe cjeffzeblbe {b{be ljlzenm%

Amefobq~ izfb od`jg amfzeblbe zeqzl cjefgb~m`lbe

~jc{babe }bef njrmb {bab cbrfme czlb~zrbq bqbz

{bab obgbfmbe bqb~ abe obvbg ld`zc czlbqbm{% Mbojrqmeabl ~jobfbm ~bqz qbeab {jrcz`bbe bqbz

{jefgbom~be }bef hdrcb % ^j`bme mqz mb izfb od`jg

amfzeblbe {bab {jcozeflz~be abe rjlbojeqzl `boj`

zeqzl cjcojrm {jejlbebe bqbz ~jobfbm omeflbm }bef

cjefj`m`mefm {jrlbqbbe%

Amefobq~ gbxj b `def qrbamqmde me q}{j aj~mfe, bea

b rjhmeja z~j dh qgjc dhqje rjzmrj~ frjbq rj~qrbme%

Qgj} men`zaj `mqq j ~}cod`~ `mlj, `jbxj~, xmej~,

~edvh`blj, {jenm`, hrbcj~, odrajr~, ambcdea~ bea jqn%

Qgjrj brj jeqmrj`} dh q}{jhbnj cbaj dh amefobq~,

bea qgj} brj nrjbqja hrdc qgj lj}odbra%

Amefobq~ nbe oj z~ja qd nrjbqj hze odrajr~ me qgj

cbrfme dh b {bfj dr bq qgj qd{ dr odqqdc dh b nd`zce dh

q}{j, b~ b ~drq dh hdrcb` jeamef dr ojfmeemef ajxmnj% Mq

nbe b`~d oj z~ja me {bnlbfmef bea `boj` aj~mfemef qd

bnnjeqzbqj dr b~ b hrbcj brdzea qgj vdra%

Ab`bc ndeqdg amobvbg, ? ijem~ czlbqbm{ }bef

ojr`bmebe qj`bg amfzeblbe, ebcze qjrab{bq izfb obe}bl

{jeffzebbe amefobq~ abe drebcjeq bqbz czlbqbm{

ojrfbcobr amfzeblbe%

Drebcjeq~bcb hzef~me}b ~j{jrqm amefobq~ qjqb{m

mb cjc{ze}bm ndrbl }bef `jomg qjr{jrmenm%

Czlbqbm{ mem cjcojrmlbe {jrjlb ~bqz {m`mgbe }bef

cjebrml zeqzl `jqblbe am bqb~ bqbz am obvbg qbizl

zqbcb, cjcojrm {jejlbebe {bab {jcobgbfm ajefbe

cjeffbeqmlbe oz``jq, abe izfb cjc{ze}bm drebcjeq

}bef ojr~jem {bab obgbfmbe {jrczbbe bqbz blgmrbe

{jrlbqbbe%

Amefobq~ abrm lzc{z`be czlbqbm{Vmefamef~ ?%

Amefobq~ hrdc Vmefamef~ ?


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Me qgj jwbc{`j bodxj, ? amhhjrjeq hdeq~ brj z~ja,

ozq ezcjrdz~ amefobq~ bea drebcjeq~ dr {mnqzrj hdeq~

brj b`~d z~ja%

Drebcjeq hzenqmde m~ qgj ~bcj b~ amefobq~, ozq mq

ndeqbme~ ajqbm`ja ajndrbqmxj~%

Qgj~j hdeq~ dhhjr qgj aj~mfejr be meqjrj~qmef d{qmde

hdr {`bnjcjeq bodxj dr oj`dv gjba`mej~, j`bodrbqj

amxmajr~ qd rj{`bnj oz``jq~, bea hben} drebcjeq bq qgj

jea dr ojfmemef dh qgj vdramef~%

?%= LJ@ZB_ AB_M _JLB@JQBL OMB^B

Mb bab`bg qjleml }bef lrjbqmh abe cje}jrdedllbe

}bef od`jg amfzeblbe d`jg {jrjlb% ^jqj`bg lmqb

cjefgb~m`lbe {j`obfbm rjlbbe qrbam~mdeb` ojr~zazq =;

abribg, qmbab ~b`bge}b imlb lmqb cjenzob {jeajlbqbe

}bef obrz ajefbe cjendeadeflbe fbcobr, bqbz

cjczqbrlbe qjl~%

Lmqb izfb od`jg cjefbcom ~j`zrzg rjlb`jqbl }bef

ojr~zazq qjfbl abe cjczqbrlbe mb lj ~zazq qjrqjeqz

{bab czlb~zrbq% Qjqb{m mb gbrz~ amfzeblbe om`b mb

ojr~j~zbmbe ajefbe cj~ji }bef mefme am~bc{bmlbe

{bab qjl~%

Ml`be ~j`b`ze}b cjeffzeblbe qjleml mem ~z{b}b

mehdrcb~m }bef mefme am~bc{bmlbe lj`mgbqbe cjedeid`

ojrobeamef ajefbe bqzrbe cbib`bg }bef ~befbq lblz%

? czlbqbm{ ojrojyb

? amhhjrjeq q}{jhbnj~

Drebcjeq~

Drebcjeq~

Amefobq~

Amefobq~


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?%= O_JBL H_DC [J_[JEAMNZ@B_ @B]DZQ

Mq m~ dej dh qgj cd~q jeid}bo`j bea nrjbqmxj

qjngemzj b aj~mfejr nbe z~j% Bhqjr }dz gbxj nrjbqja

ezcjrdz~ qrbamqmdeb` =;ajfrjj~ {mjnj~, mq m~ edq vrdef

qd qr} z{ b ejv b{{rdbng< qd qm`q b {mnqzrj, dr rdqbqj

~dcj qjwq~% ]dz nbe jxje qblj qgj jeqmrj {jr{jeamnz`br `b}dzq

bea qvm~q mq qd be bef`j de qgj {bfj% Ozq }dz ~gdz`a z~j

qgm~ qjngemzj de`} vgje mq m~ b{{rd{rmbqj de rj`bqja qd

qgj cj~~bfj dh qgj qjwq mq~j`h%

Ba~ hrjzjeq`} ~jq q}{j de b ~`beq cjrj`} qd fjq

qgjmr mehdrcbqmde qd ~qbea dzq bfbme~q qgj rmfma hdrcbq

dh cbfbymej frma~%

?%2; CJEFFZEBLBE _ZBEF [ZQMG ^JNB_B JHJLQMH

_zbef {zqmg od`jg cjeibam ~bqz {jeajlbqbe obrz }bef od`jg amfzeblbe d`jg {jrjlb, ajefbe

cjebc{m`lbe `jomg obe}bl rzbef ld~def 'rzbef {zqmg- {bab czlb~zrbq%

Lbvb~be {zqmg ~j`b`ze}b cjcozbq ~bqz ml`be `jo mg cjedeid` imlb amobeameflbe ajefbe ~bqz

czlb~zrbq }bef {babq ajefbe cbl`zcbq%

_jlb`jqbl am obvbg cjeffzeblbe czlbqbm{ojrqmeamg zeqzl cjcojrmlbe cj~ji }befojr~bmef am ab`bc cjamb%

Qgj `b}dzq bodxj z~j~ dxjr`b{{ja q}{j qd qr}

qd fjq bnrd~~ qgj majb dh ndc{jqmef cj~~bfj meqgj cjamb


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?%2; Z^MEF VGMQJ ^[BNJ JHHJNQMXJ@]

Vgmqj ~{bnj nbe b`~d oj b rjhrj~gmef qdd` hdr b aj~mfejr qd z~j, o} z~mef cdrj vgmqj ~{bnj de qgj

{bfj%

Vgmqj ~{bnj dhqje cblj~ be baxjrqm~jcjeq ~qbea dzq qrjcjeadz~`} bfbme~q {bfj~ qgbq brj ngdnl

hz`` dh mehdrcbqmde b`` qgj qmcj%

Lbvb~be {zqmg od`jg cjenm{qb ljqjfbefbe ambeqbrb ? lbvb~be }bef ojr`bmebe am ab`bcrjlb`jqbl }bef qmabl hdrcb`%

Vgmqj ~{bnj nbe nrjbqj xm~zb` qje~mde ojqvjje

qvd zejzb` brjb~ me be b~}ccjqrmnb` `b}dzq

?%22 CJCOJYBLBE ^BMY CZLBQBM[ AJEFBE

LJQB_B

Cjeffzeblbe ~bmy qbm{ }bef ojrojyb blbe

cjcojrmlbe lj~be }bef ~befbq cjedeid` {bab

czlb~zrbq%

Lb`bz lmqb oj~brlbe ~bqz gzrzh ajefbe ~befbq

oj~br, ~jgmeffb mb cj`j{b~m ~jc{babe czlb~zrbq, abe

ljczambe qjqb{lbe qbm{ ~j`jomge}b lj{bab 22 bqbz 2?

{dmeq, mb blbe ab{bq cjefgb~m lbe ldeqrb }bef

arbcbqml%

Mem gbe}b am`blzlbe b{bom`b mb lj`mgbqbe czeb~bobg

abe ~j~zbm, czeflme mb od`jg amfzeblbe {bab ml`be

~}brmlbq {jefj`zbr omim ojemg, zeqzl cjezeizllbe

obfbmcbeb qbebcbee}b cjcoj~br, bqbz zeqzl

cjefml`belbe ~bqz ljabm {blbmbe zeqzl cjrjlb }bef

ojrqzozg oj~br%


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?%22 XB_] ^MYJ DH Q][J F_JBQ@]

Z~mef amhhjrjeq q}{j~ vmqg amhhjrjeq ~myj~ nbe

{rdaznj ~qrmlmef jhhjnq qd qgj {bfj%

Mh }dz o`dv dej ngbrbnqjr z{ ~d `brfj qgbq mq vjeq

oj}dea qgj jafj~ dh {bfj bea qgje {`bnj qgj rj~q dh qgj

q}{j me 22# dr 2? {dmeq~, mq vdz`a {rdaznj b arbcbqmn

ndeqrb~q%

Qgm~ ~gdz`a oj z~ja de`} vgjrj mq cblj~ ~je~j,

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nrd{~ frdv, dr cb}oj qd baxjrqm~j b omf#cje~ n`dqgmef

~qdrj%

?%2? [JEFFZEBBE QBM[ [ZAB_ BQBZ J@JCJE

[ZAB_

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amoj`blbef eb~lbg ~j`bfm {jrbqz~be lj{zabrbee}b

qmabl cj`jomgm eb~lbg bqbz qjl~ ~jgmeffb qmabl od`jg

amobnb%

[jrlbqbbe, qbizl zqbcb, boiba bqbz hrb~b od`jg

am{zabrlbe abe am jqbllbe ~jobfbm ib`mebe njrbg

amoj`blbef eb~lbg%

Lbabef#lbabef bab`bg `jomg obml imlb lmqb

cj`jqbllbe qbm{ ojrvbreb {zabr am~zazq bqbz obgbfmbe

`bme }bef qmabl cjeffbefz qjl~%

Mcji abe ojeqzl od`jg izfb cjeffzeblbe qjleml

{zabr ajefbe qde }bef njrbg abe am jqbllbe

amoj`blbef qjl~ ~jobfbm j`jcje rjlbojeqzl%

B{bom`b beab cjefzeblbe ldeqrb {bab ~bmy, mbgbrz~ ab{bq cjcojrmlbe ~bqz {jrojybbbe ~bmyczlbqbm{ }bef jl~qrjc

Vgje }dz z~j ~myj ndeqrb~q, mq gb~ qd oj

jwqrjcj amhhjrjenj~ dh ~myj me q}{j%


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?%2? Z^J DH ^N_JJEJA Q][J D_ ^N_JJEJA

J@JCJEQ^

^nrjjeja q}{j nbe oj xjr} jhhjnqmxj ojgmea qgj

oda} nd{}, b~ `def b~ qgj {jrnjeqbfj dh qgj ~nrjje adj~

edq dxjrvgj`c qgj oda} nd{} dr mq nbeedq oj rjba%

Vdra~, gjba`mej, `jqqjr~ dr {grb~j~ nbe oj

~nrjjeja bea {`bnja b~ b `mfgq qjwqzrj ojgmea qgj oda}

nd{}%

^dcjqmcj~ mq gj`{~ qd {`bnj qgj ~nrjjeja q}{j de be

bef`j, dr dhh qd dej ~maj, ~d qgbq mq adj~eq meqjrhjrj vmqg

qgj qjwq nd{}%

Mcbfj bea hdrc nbe b`~d oj ~nrjjeja me b `mfgq

qdej bea {`bnja ojgmea qgj qjwq nd{} b~ b aj~mfe

?%2> QJL^ ]BEF CJC[ZE]BM _Z[B

Qjl~ }bef cjc{ze}bm rz{b bab`bg ~jq czlbqbm{

}bef cjcojeqzl mcji ojob}bef ~j{jrqm lzab, {bfbr

abe izfb `bc{z% Ojeqzl }bef am{m`mg gbrz~ ojrlbmqbe

ajefbe qjl~%

Lbmqbe mqz gbrz~ ij`b~ zeqzl cjczabglbe {jcobnb

cjcbgbcme}b cj~ji }bef mefme am~bc{bmlbe, ajefbe

cjeffzeblbe ojrbq czlbqbm{ }bef ojrojyb, ~jom`befbe

ldc{zqjr od`jg cjeffbcobrlbe czlb ~j~jdrbef

ajefbe qjr{jrmenm%

Qmbab gba obfm {jrjlb zeqzl cjeij`bibgm ~jobrbef

ljczeflmebe ~j`bfm cjrjlb ojrhmlmr ~jnbrb lrjbqmh abe

~jeqmb~b mefbq obgbvb czlbqbm{ qjr~jozq gbrz~ ~jebef

amobnb abe amhbgbcm%

Ab`bc ndeqdg mem, lmqb blbe cjc{jr~db`lbeqjl~ ljrbeb lmqb ebc{bl qbeab ~db` }bef {zabr

qjr`jomg abgz`z ~joj`zc cjcobnb qjl~%

Me qgm~ jwbc{`j, }dz brj ~jq z{ qd zj~qmde qgjqjwq ojhdrj }dz rjba mq ojnbz~j dh qgj ~nrjjeja

zj~qmde cbrl%


19/42

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( [BFJ NDC[D^MQMDE




2=

?%2> ^GB[JA QJWQ

^gb{ja qjwq m~ b q}{j ~jq qd hdrc ~m`gdzjqqja mcbfj,

~zng b~ b gdr~j, b rdba, b hjenj, dr b `bc{% Qgj ~gb{j

qgbq }dz ngdd~j `dfmnb``} rj`bqj~ qd qgj qjwq nd{}%

Qgj ndeejnqmde ~gdz`a oj jxmajeq`} n`jbr, hdr qgj

rjbajr qd zeajr~qbea qgjc jb~m`}, o} z~mef amhhjrjeq

vjmfgq dh q}{j, ~dcj ndc{zqjr nbe jxje rj{rj~jeq b

{jr~de~ hbnj, me {rjqq} bnnzrbqj ajqbm`%

Qgjrj brj ed `mcmq~ qd qgj {d~~mom`mqmj~ b~ `def b~

aj~mfejr~ brj nrjbqmxj me qgjmr qgmelmef bea rjcjcojr

qgbq qgj q}{j ~gdz`a oj rjbabo`j bea jb~} hdr qgj

rjbajr qd hd``dv%

?%21 CZLBQBM[ BLQMH

Mb bab`bg `bvbe obfm ~bqz czlbqbm{ }bef ~qbom` abe

qjrlbvb % Czlbqbm{ blqmh bab`bg czlbqbm{ }bef

cj`dc{bq, ojr`brm abe ojrcbme#cbme am ab`bc ~bqz

czlb~zrbq% Ebcze ojfmqz, mb cj~qm od`jg amobnb

~jobfbm ~bqz qbizl zqbcbbqbz{ze ~zoqbizl '~zogjba-%

Mb od`jg amfzeblbe zeqzl cjeffbcobrlbe ~zlbe,

qbcbe {jrcbmebe lbebl#lbebl bqbz{ze obrbef

{jrcbmebe%

Czlbqbm{ blqmh }bef cj`jeflzef abe ojrfz`zef abe

lj`mgbqbe ojrfjrbl#fjrbl abe ozlbe ~qbqml }bef od`jg

cjvzizalbe {jrb~bbe cjcod~belbe {bab czlb~zrbq%

^gb{ja qjwq qgbq hdrc~ b {jr~de~ hbnj%

Qjl~ }bef cjcojeqzl vbibg ~j~jdrbef

^gb{ja qjwq qgbq hdrc~ b nbr

Qjl~ }bef cjcojeqzl ~jozbg ljrjqb

^gb{ja qjwq ndcomeja vmqg frb{gmnj`jcjeq%

Qjl~ ojrojeqzl amfbozeflbe ajefbe

j`jcje frbhml


20/42

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?;

?%21 BNQMXJ Q][J

Bnqmxj q}{j m~ qgj beqmqgj~m~ qd ~qbo`j dr rj~qrbmeja

q}{j% Qgmel bnqmxj q}{j b~ `jqqjr qgbq rze bea izc{

bea {`b} b`` dxjr b {bfj% Ozq mq gb~ qd oj rjbabo`j b~

b gjba`mej dr ~zogjba

Bnqmxj q}{j nbe oj z~ja qd aj~nrmoj ~{drq~, be

bcz~jcjeq {brl dr ejv lma~ qd}%

Bnqmxj q}{j nzrxj~ bea ~vmr`~ bea b{{jbr~ qd cdxj

bea edq ~qbqmn mq adj~ edq iz~q ~mq qgjrj odrmef me qgj

{bfj%

?%2: CZLBQBM[ JL^[_J^M

Mb bfbl ~zlbr zeqzl amajhmeb~mlbe ojrobeamef

czlbqbm{ }bef `bme% Cje}bc{bmlbe lzb`mqm jcd~m {bab

cj~ji ab`bc qjl~%

Ab`bc cjenjrmqblbe qjeqbef ljcbqmbe ~jobfbm

ndeqdge}b, czlbqbm{ jl~{rj~m od`jg cjefbcom` obe}bl

nbrb, ojrfbeqzef lj{bab ~mhbq brqmlj` qjr~jozq%

Mb od`jg ibam ~zrbc abe qjrqjlbe, njrmb abe

cje}jebeflbe bqbz{ze ljfj`b{be%

Czlbqbm{ jl~{rj~m cjc{ze}bm lbmqbe }bef rb{bq

ajefbe doijlqmh brqmlj`, abe mbe}b ~j`b`z amfzeblbe

zeqzl cjezlbr {beabefbe {jez`m~ lj{bab xm~zb`

qbm{dfrbhm }bef ojrlbmqbe%

Ndeqdg {jeffzebbe czlbqbm{ blqmh%

Jwbc{`j qgj z~j dh bnqmxj q}{j


21/42

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?2

?%2: JW[_J^^MXJ Q][J

Jw{rj~~mxj q}{j m~ b omq gbrajr qd ajhmej qgbe qgj

dqgjr~% Mq ndexj}~ be jcdqmxj zb`mq} dh qgj cj~~bfj me

qgj qjwq%

Me b ~qdr} de ajbqg hdr jwbc{`j jw{rj~~mxj q}{j

ndz`a qblj cbe} amhhjrjeq qzre~, aj{jeamef de qgj

bqqmqzaj dh qgj brqmn`j%

Mq ndz`a oj ~dcorj bea aj{rj~~mef, ngjjrhz` bea

je`mfgqjemef dr ajedqj abrlej~~%

Jw{rj~~mxj q}{j m~ xjr} n`d~j`} rj`bqja qd qgj meqjeq

dh qgj brqmn`j, bea mq m~ z~ja qd ndexjrq qgj xmjv~ dh qgj

bzqgdr meqd b xm~zb``} b{{rd{rmbqj q}{dfrb{gmn

~d`zqmde%?%28 CJEFBOZEFLBE CZLBQBM[ AJEFBE MCJI

Mcji od`jg amfbozeflbe lj ab`bc czlbqbm{ ajefbe

cjejc{bqlbe ~bqz mcji ljab`bc qbizl zqbcbbqbz `dfd

}bef ojrlbmqbe zeqzl cjeffbeqmlbe lbrjlqdr qbm{%

Bab`bg cjenbobr zeqzl cjenbrm mcji }bef ~j~zbm

}bef blbe amobnb ~j{jrqm boiba ~j`bme lj~j~zbme}b

~jobfbm mcji, qjqb{m z~bgb mqz od`jg cjcobvb czlbqbm{

abe mcji ojr~bcb#~bcb ~z{b}b cjrjlb ~b`mef

cjc{jrlzlzglbe beqbrb ~bqz ~bcb bme%

^job`mle}b doijlqmh {bab {jrlbqbbe gbrz~

cjenjrcmelbe cbleb mcji qjr~jozq%

Jw{rj~~mde q}{jhbnj qgbq ~gdv~ qgj jcdqmxjzb`mq}%

Czlbqbm{ jl~{rj~m }bef cjezeizllbelzb`mqm {jrb~bbe%


22/42

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??

?%28 MEQJ_F_BQJ QGJ Q][J MEQD MCBFJ^

Mcbfj nbe oj meqjfrbqja meqd q}{j o} {`bnmef be

mcbfj meqd b gjba`mej dr `dfd me {`bnj dh b ngbrbnqjr%

Mq m~ ~dcjqmcj~ ngb``jefmef qd hmea qgj rmfgq mcbfj

qgbq vdz`a oj rjba b~ `jqqjr~ bnndramef qd mq~ ~zmqbom`mq}

qd qgj mcbfj~, ozq qgj jhhdrq nbe ormef qgj q}{j bea

mcbfj qdfjqgjr ~d qgbq qgj} rjmehdrnj dej bedqgjr%

Qgj doijnqmxj dh qgj vdra ~gdz`a rjh`jnq qgj

bnqzb``} cjbemef dh qgj mcbfj b~ vj``%

?%26 OJEQZL GZ_ZH BO^Q_BL

Mb od`jg amnm{qb abrm mcbfmeb~m, bqbz

amcbem{z`b~mlbe abrm doijl }bef amqjrbeflbe ab`bc

brqmlj`, bqbz ojeqzl gzrzh abrm czlbqbm{ qjrqjeqz }bef

amzobg ~lb`b ojeqzle}b%

Ojeqzl gzrzh}bef amgb~m`lbe od`jg cjeibam bo~qrbl

abe `zbromb~b, b~b`lbe mb ~j~zbm ajefbe ~zoijl zqbcb%

Czlbqbm{ amzobg ~lb`b ojeqzle}b od`jg amrjfbeflbe,

am{z~meflbe, amqjrob`mlbe bqbz am`jqbllbe qde obfm

cjeab{bqlbe lj~be%

[jr`z ammefbq obgbvb majb lrjbqmh abe medxbqmh mem

{bqzq amb~b~lbe lj{bab ~j~zbqz }bef ojrbab am ab`bc

qjl~ brqmlj , bqbz qzizbe cj~ji mqz am~bc{bmlbe {bab

rjlb`jqbl mqz, bqbz mb qmabl blbe cjcobvb lj~be

lj{bab {jcobnb%

Mcji$Mcbfj

Fbozefbe czlbqbm{ ajefbe mcji ~j{jrqm mem~befbq jhjlqmh amfzeblbe ab`bc rjlbbe `dfd

Meqjfrbqj q}{j vmqg mcbfj m~ xjr} jhhjnqmxj me`dfd aj~mfe


23/42

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?>

?%26 BO^Q_BNQ @JQQJ_HD_C

Bo~qrbnq `jqqjrhdrc nbe oj nrjbqja hrdc }dzr dve

mcbfmebqmde, dr cbem{z`bqja hrdc doijnq~ me qgj brqmn`j,

dr `jqqjrhdrc~ hrdc b {brqmnz`br q}{jhbnj qgbq }dz

am~qdrq%

@jqqjrhdrc~ qgbq }dz cblj nbe oj bo~qrbnq bea

zez~zb` b~ `def b~ mq~ b{{rd{rmbqj hdr qgj ~zoijnq

cbqqjr% Q}{j qgbq }dz am~qdrq nbe oj ~qrjqngja, nzrxja,

nzr`ja, qvm~qja, h`d{{ja, dxjr dr frbabqja hdr jhhjnq~%

B`vb}~ rjcjcojr qgbq qgj~j nrjbqmxj, meedxbqmxj

majb~ ~gdz`a oj frdzeaja ob~ja de ~dcjqgmef qgbq~ me

qgj qjwq dh qgj brqmn`j dr qgj meqjeaja cj~~bfj dh qgj

{mjnj, dr qgj} vdeq cblj ~je~j qd qgj rjbajr%

?%27 IB@MEBE [BAB QBM[

Mb qjramrm abrm qmfb ojeqzl, czlbqbm{ }bef amm~m

ajefbe ib`mebe, czlbqbm{ }bef cjc{ze}bm qj{mbe }bef

ojrfjrmfm, bqbz qbm{ }bef lmqb zobg ~lb`b ojeqzle}b

zeqzl cjcojrmlbe qj{mbe }bef lb~br%

Ndeqdge}b zeqzl brqmlj` ojrljebbe {jrcbmabem

Drmjeqb`, lmqb od`jg cjefgb~m`lbe ojojrb{b

{jefzobg~zbmbe zeqzl ib`mebe }bef ojrlbmqbe ajefbe

{jrcbmabem }bef cjebrml obfm czlbqbm{ mqz%

Qgm~ `b}dzq cb} orjbl ~dcj ~qbeabra rz`j~dh aj~mfe, ozq dhqje orjblmef qgj rz`j~ m~ hmej

# b~ `def b~ mq vdrl~%

_jlb`jqbl mem czeflme cj beffbr ojojrb{b{jrbqzrbe ab`bc rjlbbe, ebcze mb qmabl ~b`bg~j`bfm mb ojrlj~be ab`bc rjlbbe%


24/42

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( [BFJ NDC[D^MQMDE




?1

?%27 QJWQZ_J Q][J

Qjwqzrj q}{j brj cbaj dh qgrjj hdrc~9 jmqgjr q}{j

qgbq m~ hm``ja me vmqg qjwqzrj, q}{j qgbq gb~ rbffja jafj~,

dr q}{j qgbq }dz am~qdrq qd fmxj b rdzfg#gjve jafj%

Jwbc{`j hdr brqmn`j de Drmjeqb` rzf~, }dz ndz`a

ad ~dcj meqjrj~qmef qjwqzrb` qrjbqcjeq~ dh qgj q}{jhbnj%

?%2= FB_M^BE QJL^ ]BEF OJ_OJYB

@jqblbe fbrm~be }bef ojrojyb {bab czlb~zrbq

ojrcbl~za cjeffbozeflbe fbrm~be }bef am`jqbllbe

~jnbrb cjejfbl bqbz {bab ~zazq }bef rbvbl%

Lbabeflb`b bab`bg ~j~zbm zeqzl cj`jqbllbe czlbqbm{

ab`bc ljbabbe cj`jeflzef, bqbz {bab fbrm~be }bef

am`zlm~ ~jnbrb qmabl lde~m~qje%

Mem blbe cjcojrmlbe rjlb`jqbl mqz ~bqz izc`bg

qjebfb xm~zb` abe czeflme {jr`z zeqzl ~bqz brqmlj` bg`m

fmceb~qml am ~brlb~, bqbz ~j~zbqz }bef czeflme

ojrfjrbl {bab obe}bl brbg {bab ~bqz cb~b% ^jqj`bg lmqb cz b zeqzl cjcojob~lbe

czlbqbm{ abrm ljazazlbe }bef omb~b, cblb lmqb blbe

cbc{z cjefgb~m`lbe obe}bl {jefzobg~zbmbe }bef

od`jg amfzeb ajefbe obml zeqzl qd{ml }bef qjrqjeqz%

Jwbc{`j dh qjwqzrj q}{j

Ndeqdg ib`mebe {bab czlbqbm{%


25/42

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?:

?%2= AMHHJ_MEF QGJ @MEJ^ DH QJWQ

Amhhjrmef `mej {`bnjcjeq de qgj {bfj cjbe~ qd

mendr{drbqj `mej~ {`bnja xjrqmnb``} dr de rbeadc

bef`j~% ^dcjqmcj~ mq m~ jxje b{{rd{rmbqj qd {`bnj q}{j

de b nzrxj dr de be mrrjfz`br`} arbve `mej%

Qgm~ nbe fmxj b `b}dzq b qrjcjeadz~ bcdzeq dh

xm~zb` jejrf} bea cmfgq oj b{{rd{rmbqj hdr be brqmn`j

de f}ceb~q~ dr qgj nmrnz~, dr ~dcjqgmef qgbq ~jjc~ qd

oj fdmef me b`` amrjnqmde~ bq denj%

Denj }dz ojfme qd hrjj q}{j hrdc mq~ ~qbeabra

{`bnjcjeq, }dz brj bo`j qd ndcj z{ vmqg b`` lmea~ dh

qrjbqcjeq~ qgbq ndzà vdrl vj`` hdr ~j`jnqja qd{mn~%

?%?; CZLBQBM[ QZ@M^BE QBEFBE

Czlbqbm{ qz`m~be qbefbe ~bcb bab mb

ojrojeqzl lb`mfrbhm, gzrzh qz`m~be qbefbe }bef amzlzr

ajefbe qj{bq, qz`m~be ojr~bcozef#~bcozef bqbz qz`m~be

nblbr b}bc, od`jg cjeibam jhjlqmh ab`bc

cjefjl~{rj~mlbe majb zeqzl qjl~%

Czlbqbm{ qz`m~be qbefbe ~j`b`ze}b bcbq

cjedeid` zeqzl ~jq czlbqbm{ qbizl zqbcb ljrbeb mb

cjefjlb`lbe ~bqz ljgb`z~be meamxmaz%

Mb od`jg cjcojrmlbe ~bqz ab}b qbrmlbe }beflzbq b{bom`b cjefbozeflbe czlbqbm{ qz`m~be qbefbe

ajefbe ~jq czlbqbm{ cjlbemlb % Mem bab`bg ljrbeb

czlbqbm{ qz m~be qbefbe cjenm{qb {jrb~bbe j`jcje

ljcbez~mbbe b{bom`b mb ldeqrb ajefbe ~jq czlbqbm{

cjlbemlb` }bef lj`mgbqbe ljcb~ abe ~jc{zreb%

?%?; GBEA#_JEAJ_JA Q][J

Gbea#rjeajrja q}{j, vgjqgjr mq m~ nb``mfrb{g},

nbrjhz``} cjb~zrja nb{mqb`~, frbnjhz` ~nrm{q dr

~nrbv`ja gbeavrmqmef, nbe oj jhhjnqmxj me jw{rj~~mef

qgj majb dh qgj qjwq%

Gbea#rjeajrja q}{j dhqje ~qbea~ dzq hrdc q}{j~jq

gjba`mej iz~q ojnbz~j mq rjqbme~ qgj cbrl dh qgj

meamxmazb`%

Vgje gbea#rjeajrja q}{j vb~ mendr{drbqja vmqg

qgj q}{j~jq nd{}, mq vdzà jegbenj b {dvjrhz` ~je~j dh

bqqrbnqmde% Qgj mccjambn} dh gbea#rjeajrja q}{j~

nrjbqj~ b ~je~j dh gzcbe j`jcjeq vgje mq m~ ndeqrb~qja

vmqg n`jbe bea nrm~{ej~~ dh cjngbemnb``} q}{j~jq nd{}%

Nzrxja q}{j ~jq de b {bqg m~ jwnmqmef ozq~gdzà oj n jbr`} `jfmo j hdr rjbajr%

Cjefgb~m`lbe ~bqz ~jq qjl~ }bef cj`jeflzef#`jeflzef bab`bg cje}jrdedllbe, qjqb{m mb gbrz~

ij`b~ abe czabg amobnb%


26/42

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?8

?%?2 CZLBQBM[ JOBFBM M@@Z^Q_B^M

Qbm{ m`z~qrb~m bab`bg ijem~ czlbqbm{ }bef amnm{qb

d`jg {jrjlb zeqzl ~zoijl zqbcb obfm brqmlj` }bef

~jabef amljeab`mlbe% ^jobfbm ndeqdg, mb czeflme

qjramrm d`jg boiba }bef amozbq abrm obgbfmbe obabe

ljrjqb zeqzl brqmlj` ojrljebbe rjlbojeqzl ljrjqb, bqbz

abrm {dqdefbe ~z~gmzeqzl brqmlj` ojrljebbe cblbebe

jl~dqmlb%

B{bom`b qbm{ abe m`z~qrb~m od`jg amfbozeflbe

~j{jrqm mem, cblb {jebc{m`be jamqdrmb` czlb~zrbq

~j`b`ze}b blbe cjeibam `jomg lzlzg% [m`mgbe `bme bab`bg

zeqzl cjefm`z~qrb~mlbe gbe}b ~bqz {jrlbqbbe {bab ~jq

bqzrbe qbizl zqbcb, zeqzl cjcojrm {jejlbebe%

[d~qjr ambqb~ cjeffzeblbe {j`obfbm czlbqbm{abe izfb czlbqbm{ }bef amqz`m~ ajefbe qbefbe{bab {jrlbqbbe Hj~qmxb`

[d~qjr bodxj z~j amhhjrjeq hdeq~ bea gbea#rjeajrja jqqjr hdr qgj vdra Hj~qmxb`


27/42

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?6

?%?2 Q][J B^ M@@Z^Q_BQMDE

M``z~qrbqja q}{j m~ q}{j qgbq m~ nrjbqja o} aj~mfejr

hdr qgj cbme ~zoijnq de qgj brqmn`j% Hdr jwbc{`j mq cb}

nde~m~q dh ngbrbnqjr~ cbaj dzq dh bzqd {brq~ hdr be

brqmn`j de nbr aj~mfe, dr mq cb} oj q}{j cbaj z{ dh

{mjnj~ dh ~z~gm hdr be brqmn`j de jwdqmn hdda%

Vgje q}{j bea qgj m``z~qrbqmde nbe ndcj qdfjqgjr

`mlj qgm~, qgj jamqdrmb` b{{jbrbenj dh {bfj m~ z~zb``}

xjr} ~qrdef% Bedqgjr d{qmde m~ iz~q qd m``z~qrbqj de`} dej

vdra dh b q}{j~jq gjba`mej, qd oj jc{gb~myja%

?%?? CZLBQBM[ OJ_OB]BEF 'A_D[ ^GBADV^- ABE FB_M^ @ZB_ 'DZQ@MEJ-

Czlbqbm{ lj~be lgb~ mem ibrbef#ibrbef amfzeblbe d`jg {jrjlb ljrbeb mb ~j`b`ze}b ~zlbr zeqzl

amobnb% Imlb cjeffzeblbe czlbqbm{ ijem~ mem, lmqb gbrz~ cjeffzeblbee}b ab`bc ~bmy }bef oj~br abe

{bab {jeffzebbe }bef qjrgba%

Czlbqbm{ ojrob}bef ~befbq jhjlqmh b{bom`b amfzeblbe am bqb~ fbcobr hdqd }bef cjc{ze}bm {j`obfbm

qde% Mb od`jg cjenjfbg czlbqbm{ fj`b{ abrm lbozr ajefbe qde fj`b{ abe ~job`mle}b% Ob}bef cjeibamlbe

czlbqbm{ lj`mgbqbe ~j{jrqm cjedeid` lj`zbr abrm czlb~zrbq abe mb cjefgb~m`lbe lj~be > amcje~m%

Czlbqbm{ ojrfbrm~ `zbr 'dzq`mej- ~befbq rzcmq lj{bab cbqb ljrbeb mb cjefbcom` cb~b }bef `bcb

zeqzl cjefjeb m boiba mqz% Ajefbe cjefm~m fbrm~ `zbr mqz ajefbe qde blbe cjebmllbe qbgb{

ljod`jgobnbbe%

Ndeqdg amobvbg cjezeizllbe boiba m

cj`jqz{ ojr~bcb#~bcb ljfjcomrbbe }befamm`z~qrb~mlbe zeqzl cjvzizalbe lde~j{ljizqbe

Me jwbc{`j bodxj, qgj m jw{`daj~ vmqg

id}dz~ ~{jnqbn`j qd rj{rj~jeq qgj ndenj{q dh~zr{rm~j%


28/42

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?7

?%?? A_D[ ^GBADV^ BEA DZQ@MEJ HDEQ^

Qgj~j ~{jnmb`#jhhjnq hdeq~ brj z~ja cdrj rbrj`} ojnbz~j qgj} brj dhqje amhhmnz`q qd rjba% Qgj} ~gdz`a

oj z~ja `brfj vgje {d~mo`j, bea me `mcmqja b{{`mnbqmde~%

^gbadvja q}{j m~ cd~q jhhjnqmxj vgje z~ja bfbme~q {gdqdfrb{g~ qgbq gbxj b xbrmjq} dh qdej~% Mq nbe

{rjxje abrl q}{j hrdc cj`amef meqd qgj abrl qdej~, bea xm~j xjr~b% Qgj ~gbadv cblj~ qgj q}{j b{{jbr qd

izc{ dhh {bfj bea gbxj b >#amcje~mde jhhjnq%

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`b}dzq%


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>;

QZFB^BE ?

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>2

B^MFECJEQ ?

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Qgmel dh hj~qmxb` frjjqmef nbra dr ~{jjng nbra qgbq

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>>

22 meng

7%: meng

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am{meabglbe {bab ldc{zqjr%


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>:

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q}{jhbnj qgbq brj fdmef qd oj z~ja%


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>8

7%: meng

22 meng

Qjqmeflb{ ngbrbnqjr

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czlbqbm{ beab%

_dqbqj bea~nb`j

qdd`


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>6

Ngdd~j qgj nd`dzr hdr qgj obnlfrdzea% Bea ~qbrq

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}dz nbe nrjbqj dej z~mef{je qdd`%


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>7

Beab od`jg cjefgmb~ lba beab ajefbe j`jcje#

j`jcje }bef ojrlbmqbe ajefbe qjcb, ~jobfbm ndeqdg

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brqvdrl4 Qd cblj }dzr nbra `ddl bqqrbnqmxj }dz nbe

{zq }dzr mnde dr mcbfj vmqg qgj qgjcj~%


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>=

_jcjcojr qgbq jbng q}{jhbnj qgbq z~ja

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cjeffzeblbe lba abe `m{bqlbe mb zeqzl

cjcojeqzl lba znb{be%


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12

Cjeffzeblbe czlbqbm{ ajefbe lrjbqmh$ Z~mef q}{j nrjbqmxj`}

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Czlbqbm{ ~jobfbm m`z~qrb~m $Q}{j b~ m``z~qrbqmde Mb czeflme qjramrm d`jg boiba }bef amozbq abrm obgbfmbe obabe ljrjqb zeqzl brqmlj`ojrljebbe rjlbojeqzl ljrjqb, bqbz abrm {dqdefbe ~z~gmzeqzl brqmlj` ojrljebbe cblbebe jl~dqmlb%

Mq cb} nde~m~q dh ngbrbnqjr~ cbaj dzq dh bzqd {brq~ hdr be brqmn`j de nbr aj~mfe, drmq cb} oj q}{j cbaj z{ dh {mjnj dh ~z~gm hdr be brqmn`j de jwdqmn hdda%

Czlbqbm{ ojrob}bef abe fbrm~ zbr$Ard{ ~gbadv bea dzq`mej q}{j

Czlbqbm{ ojrob}bef ~befbq jhjlqmh b{bom`b amfzeblbe ambqb~ fbcobr hdqd }befcjc{ze}bm{j`obfbm qde%

Czlbqbm{ ojrfbrm~ zbr 'dzq`mej- ~befbq rzcmq lj{bab cbqb ljrbeb mb cjefbcom` cb~b }bef


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BAJ:?; Q][DF_B[G]

( [BFJ NDC[D^MQMDE


Qzfb~be ? $B~~mfecjeq ?

Cjefgb~m lbe lba znb{be }bef gbe}b cjeffzeblbe q}{dfrbhm ab`bcrjlbbee}b% Doijlqmhe}b zeqzl cjcbgmrlbe {brb {j`bibr cje}bc{bmlbe lde~j{}bef mefme am~bc{bmlbe ajefbe cjeffzeblbe czlbqbm{ }bef ~j~zbm ajefbe

ijem~ {jrb}bbe

[rdaznj qgj frjjqmef nbra o} de`} z~mef q}{dfrb{g}% Qgj doijnqmxj m~ qdjzm{ ~qzajeq vmqg ~lm``~ qd aj`mxjr~ ndenj{q z~mef q}{jhbnj%

chapter 2 - using type creatively

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